Table 1.

Overview of particular workaholism measures

Instrument	Background/Conceptual model	Items	Subscales	Scoring/cut-off	Sample and statistical methodology*	Comments
Workaholism Battery (WorkBAT) (Spence & Robbins, 1992)	Based on an atheoretical approach – on attributes from the literature and the creators own hypothesis Measures 2 types of workaholism: non-enthusiastic also called “real” workaholics, and enthusiastic workaholics Measures workaholism as an attitude/obsession-compulsion	25, 24, 20, or 14	Work Involvement (WI), Drive (D), Work Enjoyment (WE)	– 5-point scale - 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree - Score range: 25-125 - Summed total and summed subscale totals - Cut-score: Above mean on WI and D/below mean on WE for non-enthusiastic workaholics; above mean on all three subscales for enthusiastic workaholics	291 U.S. social workers Analysis of internal consistency Cluster analysis One-way analysis of variance Correlation analysis	Controversy over dimensionality WI shows poor psychometric properties D and WE good empirical support Some argue that WE is irrelevant Widely used and psychometrically tested
Work Addiction Risk Test (WART) (Robinson, 1989, 1999)	Based on an atheoretical approach – on symptoms reported by clinicians treating workaholics Measures workaholism as a Type-A behavior rather than an addiction	25, 15, or 9	Compulsive Tendencies (CT), Control (C), Impaired Communication/Self-Absorption (IC/SA), Inability to Delegate (ID), Self-Worth (SW)	– 4-point scale - 1 = never true, 4 = always true - Score range: 25-100 - Summed total and summed subscale totals - Cut-score: >57-66 = moderately work-addicted; 67-100 = highly work-addicted	363 U.S. college students Analysis of internal consistency One-way analysis of variance Correlation analysis	Originally seen as uni-dimensional but later discovered as a five dimensional model with three main factors Widely used and psychometrically validated (primarily by original author)
Dutch Work Addiction Scale (DUWAS) (Schaufeli, Shimazu & Taris, 2009)	Based on items from WART-CT and WorkBAT-Drive Measures workaholism as an excessive obsessive-compulsion	10 or 17	Working Excessively (WE), Working Compulsively (WC)	– 4-point scale - 1 = (almost) never, 4 = (almost) always - Score range: 10-50 - Summed total and summed subscale totals - Cut-score: >75th percentile	10,905 Dutch/Japanese employees Exploratory factor analysis Confirmatory factor analysis Analysis of internal consistency Odds ratio analysis Correlation analysis	Psychometrically validated Brief
Bergen Work Addiction Scale (BWAS) (Andreassen et al., 2012)	Based on Brown’s (1993) behavioral addiction components and Griffiths’ (2005) components model of addiction. Items worded in line with diagnostic addiction criteria in DSM. Measures workaholism as an addiction	7	None	– 5-point scale - 1 = never, 5 = always - Score range: 7-35 - A composite score is calculated by adding the scores on the 7 items - Cut-score: >4 on at least 4 of 7 criteria (polythetic cut-off)	12,137 Norwegian employees Item selection analysis Confirmatory factor analysis Analysis of internal consistency One-way analysis of variance Chi-square analysis Correlation analysis	Psychometrically validated Unidimensional model Solid theoretical underpinnings Brief

^* Sample and statistical methodology used in the initial scale-construction key studies.