Table 2.
Changes in Outcome Measures from Baseline to 6months
| Reciprocal Peer Support (RPS)* | Nurse Care Management (NCM)† | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 6 month | Change | Baseline | 6 month | Change | Between-group differences (p-value) | |
|
|
|
||||||
| A. Physiological Measures | |||||||
| Hemoglobin HbA1c (mean[SD]) | 8.02(1.32) | 7.73(1.32) | −0.29 | 7.93(1.40) | 8.22(1.74) | 0.29 | .004 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mean[SD]) | 140.3(18.6) | 136.9(16.8) | −3.4‡ | 136.4(16.9) | 135.0(17.7) | −1.4 | .91 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (mean[SD]) | 77.1(11.5) | 76.8(11.9) | −0.3 | 75.8(10.7) | 76.1(10.6) | 0.3 | .10 |
| B. Medication Change Measures (from Medical Chart Review) | |||||||
| Insulin Starts (n)‖ | – | – | +8 | – | – | +1 | .02 |
| % participants with insulin dose increase | 38.5 | 43.3 | .56 | ||||
| % participants with increase in oral anti-hyperglycemic medications (dose or number) | 16.5 | 17.2 | .90 | ||||
| % participants with increase in blood pressure medications (dose or number) | 24.0 | 24.4 | .95 | ||||
| Mean # of insulin dose increases (SD) | 1.50(.78) | 1.31(.54) | .28 | ||||
| Mean # of oral anti-hyperglycemic increases (SD) | 1.41(.62) | 1.00(.00) | .01 | ||||
| Mean # blood pressure medication increases (SD) | 1.40(.86) | 1.41(.78) | .95 | ||||
| C. Self-Reported Measures (from Surveys) | |||||||
| Diabetes Social Support¶ (mean[SD]) | 55.1(24.5) | 66.5(19.5) | 11.4‡ | 53.3(25.4) | 57.8(25.8) | 4.5 | .01 |
| Diabetes Distress** (mean [SD]) | 26.5(16.4) | 22.8(17.2) | −4.0‡ | 26.4(19.8) | 20.8(18.8) | −5.6§ | .24 |
| Medication Adherence | |||||||
| Misses ≥1 insulin dose per week | 52(74%) | 49(69%) | −3(−5%) | 48(73%) | 38(63%) | −10(−10%) | .67 |
| Misses ≥1 oral medication dose per week | 71(72%) | 65(70%) | −6(−2%) | 66(66%) | 59(63%) | −7(−3%) | .54 |
For RPS participants, baseline values for all measures reflect the total number of 125 participants. For measures related to six month follow-up, 117 RPS participants completed a six month follow-up patient survey and 113 provided six month follow-up physiologic measures.
For NCM participants, baseline values for all measures reflect the total number of 119 participants. For measures related to six month follow-up, 114 NCM participants completed a six month follow-up patient survey and 103 provided six month follow-up physiologic measures.
Statistically significant difference at p<.05 within the RPS group.
Statistically significant difference at p<.05 within the NCM group.
Data from both medical chart review and patient survey report
“Diabetes Social Support” was assessed using 6 questions from the Diabetes Support Scale (40). Each question had 6 answer choices, ranging from “Strongly Disagree” to “Strongly Agree”. The answers were scored from 0 to 5 points, with higher numbers signifying higher social support, and the total score was calculated as a percentage of possible points.
“Diabetes Distress” was assessed using 14 questions from the Diabetes Distress Scale (41). Each question had 5 answer choices, ranging from “Not a problem” to “Serious problem.” The answers were scored from 0 to 4 points, with higher scores signifying more distress, and the total score was calculated as a percentage of possible points.