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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 31.
Published in final edited form as: Biometrics. 2011 Oct 6;68(2):541–549. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2011.01685.x

Table 4.

Confounders

Variable Description
Gender Female
Male
Age Age in years
Health Self-rated health status:

  • Excellent

  • Fair

  • Poor
NRB Score of self-reported physical functioning rescaled between 0 and 1
Card Previous occurrence of any of the following cardiac events: Angina, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, coronary by-pass surgery, and coronary angioplasty
Chron Presence of any of the following chronic health conditions: stroke, cancer, liver disease, kidney disease, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes mellitus
Smoking Never smoked
Current smoker
Ex-smoker
Decline Activity decline compared to 5 or 10 years earlier