Immunoassay performed on a flatbed scanner. (Top left) Sketches of (a) two layered and (b) three layered (ELISA-like) immunoassay showing silver enhanced gold nanoparticle labeling technique. (Top right) Sketch of the instrumentation to detect the optical signal change caused by the silver precipitation. (Bottom left) Color change caused by the gold nanoparticle catalyzed silver precipitation during the two layered technique with various concentrations of IgG-AuNP. (Bottom Right) Gray level image taken by the scanner for different concentrations of two target proteins (A & B), and their comparison to negative control sample. Springer, Microfluids and Nanofluids, 6, 2008, 85–91 ”An immunoassay using antibody-gold nanoparticle conjugate, silver enhancement and flatbed scanner”; C.-H. Yeh, C.-Y. Hung, T. C. Chang, H.-P. Lin, and Y.-C. Lin; compiled from figures 1, 2, 3, 6, Copyright (2009) - (Reference 67). With permission from Springer Science and Business Media.