Table 2.
Mid-pregnancy tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and lipids (by quartile) in early preterm pregnancies compared to term pregnancies: Independent biomarker models and by co-occurrence.
| Sample | California |
Iowa |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases < 30 Weeks |
Controls ≥ 37 Weeks |
Cases < 30 Weeks |
Controls ≥ 37 Weeks |
|
| n = (%) OR (95% CI)a 72 (100.0) |
n = (%) Referent 36 (100.0) |
n = (%) OR (95% CI)a 57 (100.0) |
n = (%) Referent 677 (100.0) |
|
| Independent Models | ||||
| TNF-α 4Qb | 33 (45.8) 2.8 (1.1 – 7.0) |
9 (25.0) | 18 (31.6) 1.3 (0.7 – 2.3) |
173 (25.6) |
| TC 4Qb | 18 (25.0) 0.9 (0.3 – 2.4) |
9 (25.0) | 19 (33.3) 1.5 (0.8 – 2.7) |
171 (25.3) |
| HDL 1Qb | 33 (45.8) 2.4 (1.0 – 5.9) |
9 (25.0) | 25 (43.9) 2.2 (1.3 – 3.8) |
175 (25.9) |
| LDL 4Qb | 26 (36.1) 1.6 (0.6 – 4.2) |
9 (25.0) | 16 (28.1) 1.2 (0.6 – 2.1) |
171 (25.3) |
| TGs 4Qb | 38 (52.8) 3.4 (1.4 – 8.4) |
9 (25.0) | 24 (42.1) 2.1 (1.2 – 3.7) |
172 (25.4) |
| HDL:TC 1Qb | 40 (55.6) 3.2 (1.3 – 8.3) |
9 (25.0) | 24 (42.1) 2.0 (1.1 – 3.5) |
179 (26.4) |
| TGs:HDL 4Qb | 43 (59.7) 4.2 (1.7 – 10.7) |
9 (25.0) | 21 (36.8) 1.7 (1.0 – 3.1) |
170 (25.1) |
| LDL:HDL 4Qb | 34 (47.2) 2.3 (0.9 – 6.1) |
9 (25.0) | 25 (43.9) 2.3 (1.3 – 4.0) |
172 (25.4) |
| Lipids where TNF-α < 4Q | ||||
| TC 4Q | 7 (9.7) 0.5 (0.1 – 1.5) |
6 (16.7) | 14 (24.6) 1.4 (0.7 – 2.6) |
131 (19.4) |
| HDL 1Q | 8 (22.2) 1.3 (0.5 – 3.5) |
21 (29.2) | 13 (22.8) 1.3 (0.7 – 2.5) |
124 (18.3) |
| LDL 4Q | 8 (22.2) 0.6 (0.2 – 1.8) |
13 (18.1) | 12 (21.1) 1.1 (0.6 – 2.2) |
132 (19.5) |
| TGs 4Q | 19 (26.4) 1.7 (0.6 – 4.7) |
6 (16.7) | 15 (26.3) 1.5 (0.8 – 2.8) |
130 (19.2) |
| HDL:TC 1Q | 23 (31.9) 1.2 (0.4 – 3.2) |
8 (22.2) | 14 (24.6) 1.3 (0.7 – 2.5) |
134 (19.8) |
| Lipids where TNF-α < 4Q | ||||
| TGs:HDL 4Q | 21 (29.2) 1.4 (0.5 – 3.6) |
8 (22.2) | 13 (22.8) 1.3 (0.7 – 2.4) |
126 (18.6) |
| LDL:HDL 4Q | 17 (23.6) 0.8 (0.3 – 2.3) |
8 (22.2) | 14 (24.6) 1.4 (0.7 – 2.6) |
132 (19.5) |
| Lipids where TNF-α 4Q | ||||
| TC 4Q | 11 (15.3) 2.0 (0.5 – 8.4) |
3 (8.3) | 5 (8.8) 1.5 (0.6 – 3.9) |
40 (5.9) |
| HDL 1Q | 12 (16.7)c | 1 (2.8) | 12 (21.1) 3.1 (1.5 – 6.3) |
52 (7.7) |
| LDL 4Q | 13 (18.1)c | 1 (2.8) | 4 (7.0) 1.2 (0.4 – 3.5) |
39 (5.8) |
| TGs 4Q | 19 (26.4) 4.4 (1.2 – 16.8) |
3 (8.3) | 9 (15.8) 2.7 (1.2 – 6.0) |
43 (6.4) |
| HDL:TC 1Q | 17 (23.6)c | 1 (2.8) | 10 (17.5) 2.8 (1.3 – 6.1) |
46 (6.8) |
| TGs:HDL 4Q | 22 (30.6)c | 1 (2.8) | 8 (14.0) 2.3 (1.0 – 5.1) |
45 (6.7) |
| LDL:HDL 4Q | 17 (23.6)c | 1 (2.8) | 11 (19.3) 3.7 (1.8 – 7.7) |
40 (5.9) |
TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; OR, Odds Ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; 1Q, 1st quartile; 4Q, 4th quartile; TC, total cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TGs, triglycerides
a
Adjusted for gestational week at serum draw and maternal weight.
b
Wherein = 1st and 4th quartile cut points were derived from the term controls.
c
Not calculated due to frequency in referent sample ≤ 1.