Table 1.

Overview of the effects of MA and MA +HIV/Tat or gp120 in different model systems

Treatment	Tissue/cell type	Effect	Reference
MA	Rat neostiatum	Tyrosine hydroxylase ↓	Gibb and Kogan 1979
	Rat neostiatum	Tryptophan hydroxylase ↓	Hotchkiss and Gibb 1980
	Rat caudate	DAT ↓ ; DA ↓	Wagner et al. 1980
	Rat body, rat brain	Hyperthermia↑	Brown et al. 2003
			Brown and Kiyatkin 2005
			Sharma and Kiyatkin 2009
	Rat striatum	Altered VMAT-2 localization	Brown et al. 2002
			Sandoval et al. 2003
		VMAT-2↓	Eyerman and Yamamoto 2005
		Oxidative stress markers ↑	LaVoie and Hastings 1999
		Oxidative metabolites ↑
		Quinone levels ↑
		Oxidative stress markers ↑	Iwazaki et al. 2006
	Rat neurons	Neurite degeneration↑	Cubells et al. 1994
	Rat neural and glial cells	HSP expression ↑	Kiyatkin and Sharma 2011
	Mouse neurons	Apoptosis ↑	Jayanthi et al. 2005
	Mouse hippocampus	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor ↑	Siegel et al. 2010
	Mouse hippocampus	Impaired novel location recognition	Siegel et al. 2011
	Mouse hippocampus	IL-6 ↑ ; TNF-α ↑	Goncalves et al. 2008
	Mouse striatum/hippocampus	DA levels ↓ ; 5-HT levels ↓	Fumagalli et al. 1998
	Mouse striatum	Altered VMAT-2 ligand binding	Hogan et al. 2000
	Mouse striatum	Microglial activation ↑	Thomas et al. 2004a
			Kuhn et al. 2008
	Mouse neuron	Lipid peroxidation ↑	Jayanthi et al. 1998
	Mouse	HSP expression ↑	Kuperman et al. 1997
	Vervet monkey	Oxidative stress ↑	Melega et al. 2007
		Food intake ↓	Melega et al. 2008
		Social behavior ↓
		Anxiety ↑
	Rhesus macaques	Food intake ↓	Madden et al. 2005
		Cortisol excretion ↑
	Human brain	Cerebral blood flow ↓	Chung et al. 2010
		DAT ↓	Iyo et al. 2004
		Neural activation ↓	Paulus et al. 2002
		Hippocampal volume↓	Thompson et al. 2004
	Human dendritic cells	TNF-α ↑, IL-1β ↑, CCR5 ↑, IL-8 ↑	Mahajan et al. 2006
		p38 MAPK phosphorylation ↑
		PI3K phosphorylation ↓
		CXCR4 ↑, CCR5 ↑	Nair et al. 2006
		p38 MAPK phosphorylation ↑
		MIP-1α ↓, MIP-1β ↓, RANTES ↓	Nair and Saiyed 2010
	Human MDM	CCR5 ↑, IFN-α ↓	Liang et al. 2008
	Mixed neuron/astrocyte cultures	MMPs ↑	Conant et al. 2004
	Human brain Endothelial cells	Tight junction proteins ↓	Ramirez et al. 2009
	Human	Psychosis ↑, anxiety ↑, depression ↑	Rawson et al. 2002
			Zweben et al. 2004
		Depression ↑	Glasner-Edwards et al. 2010
		Psychosis ↑	Gonzales et al. 2009
		Anxiety ↑, depression ↑	Gonzales et al. 2010
MA+HIV	HIV-1 transgenic rats	Behavioral sensitization ↑	Liu et al. 2009
	Human immature dendritic cells	Adhesion protein (galectin-1, filamin 1)↑	Reynolds et al. 2007
	Human PBMC	Peroxiredoxin6 ↑, HSP70p5 ↑, vimentin↑	Reynolds et al. 2009
	Human MDM	Viral replication ↑	Liang et al. 2008
	T cells	Viral replication ↑	Toussi et al. 2009
	Dendritic cells	Viral replication ↑	Reynolds et al. 2007
MA+SIV	Macaque	Viral load in brain ↑	Marcondes et al. 2010
		SOD ↑, GST ↑	Pendyala et al. 2011
MA+gp120	Mouse brain	Oxidative stress markers ↑	Banerjee et al. 2010
		Protein carbonylation ↑
	Transgenic mice	Behavioral changes ↑	Roberts et al. 2010
	Human BMEC	Z0-1 ↓, claudin 3/5 ↓, JAM-2 ↓	Mahajan et al. 2008
	Human fetal brain cells	Cell death ↑	Turchan et al. 2001
		Alteration of mitochondrial membrane
MA+Tat	Rat striatum	MCP-1 ↑,IL-1α ↑, IL-1β ↑, TNF-α ↑	Theodore et al. 2006a, b
	Rat brain	Altered dopamine levels	Maragos et al. 2002
	Mouse striatum	TNF-α↑, lipid peroxidation ↑, AP-1 ↑	Flora et al. 2002
		Oxidative stress ↑	Flora et al. 2003
	Mixed neuron/astrocyte cultures	MMP ↑	Conant et al. 2004