Table 1.
Clinical features of the four infants with PNDM
| Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 | Case 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| At diagnosis | ||||
| Age |
14 days |
37 days |
2 months |
38 days |
| Gender |
F |
M |
M |
M |
| Family history of diabetes |
negative |
negative |
negative |
negative |
| Birth weight |
AGA |
AGA |
AGA |
AGA |
| Blood glucose level (mmol/L) |
39.0 |
48.5 |
27.0 |
40.0 |
| HbA1c (%) |
5.9 |
8.3 |
11.9 |
8.5 |
| C-peptide (ng/mL) |
0.31 |
0.20 |
0.25 |
0.57 |
| Insulin level (mIU/L) |
3.1 |
1.5 |
0.9 |
No data |
| DKA |
yes |
yes |
no |
yes |
| ABG | ||||
| pH |
7.114 |
7.250 |
7.330 |
6.911 |
| Bicarbonate (mmol/L) |
5.2 |
16.9 |
25.6 |
4.5 |
| Pancreatic autoantibody |
negative |
negative |
negative |
negative |
| Urine | ||||
| Urine sugar |
4+ |
4+ |
3+ |
4+ |
| Urine ketone |
4+ |
4+ |
+/- |
3+ |
| Pancreas ultrasonography |
normal |
normal |
normal |
normal |
| Recent follow-up | ||||
| Age |
35 months |
45 months |
54 months |
60 months |
| Insulin injections |
CSII |
MII |
MII |
MII |
| Insulin dosage |
Humulin: basal 0.6 U/kg/dbolus 0.2 U/kg/d |
Humulin: 0.7 U/kg/ day |
Novolin 30R: 0.4 U/kg/ day |
Humulin: 0.5 U/kg/day |
| Hypoglycemia/hyperglycemia |
rare |
few |
sometimes |
always |
| HbA1c (%) |
6.7 |
7.1 |
8.0 |
10.5 |
| Combine with other problems | Development delay | No | epilepsy | No |
PNDM, permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus; AGA, appropriate for gestational age; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; ABG, arterial blood gas; CSII, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; MII, multiple insulin injections; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis.