Table 1.
Applications of bioimpedance analysis in clinical status monitoring and diagnosis of diseases.
| Organ Systems | Diseases | BIA Parameters | Remarks | Authors |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulmonary system | Lung cancer, stages IIIB and IV | R and Xc (BIVA) | Reactance components decrease in patients (phase angle <4.5). Clinical Study. | Toso et al., 2000 [129] |
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| Pulmonary edema monitoring | R (SFBIA) | Mean resistivity for left and right lung (1205 ± 163, 1200 ± 165 Ω·cm) and system reproducibility (2%). Research Study. | Zlochiver et al., 2007 [130] | |
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| Cardio-vascular system | Fluid accumulation after cardiac surgery. | Ht2/Z (MFBIA) | Significant increase in segmental trunk bioimpedance after surgery due to fluid accumulation. Clinical Study. | Bracco et al., 1998 [131] |
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| Circulatory system | Volaemic status and hyponatraemia | TBW (SFBIA) | In elderly hyponatraemic patients, TBW assessment using BIA method was correlated with dilution of deuterium oxide (R = 0.68). Clinical Study. | Hoyle et al., 2011 [132] |
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| Hydration status and hyponatraemia in elderly | TBW (SFBIA) | Assessment of hydration status in elderly hyponatraemic patients using BIA method was more accurate than clinical procedures (Cohen's kappa coefficient = 0.52). Clinical Study. | Cumming et al., 2014 [133] | |
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| Renal system | Chronic hemodialysis | ECF (BIS) | ECF to weight ratio of hypertensive patient's increase from that of normal patients (24.29 ± 3.56% vs. 21.50 ± 2.38). Clinical Study. | Chen et al., 2002 [134] |
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| Dry weight in kidney failure. | ECF (BIS) | ECF/Wt is 0.239 and 0.214 L/kg for male and female healthy subjects. Clinical Study. | Chamney et al., 2002 [135] | |
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| Hydration states monitoring in hemodialysis patients | Calf-BIS (BIS) | Normalized resistivity (μ = ρ /BMI) increased from 17.9 ± 3 to 19.1 ± 2.3 × 10−2 Ω3·Kg−1, and weight was reduced from 78.3 ± 28 to 77.1 ± 27 kg in Post-dialysis. Research Study. | Zhu et al., 2007 [136], 2008 [137] | |
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| Dry weight assessment hemodialysis patients | Calf-BIS (BIS) | Dry weight assessed by cBIS underestimate left ventricular mass and blood pressure while antihypertensive medication remains unchanged. Clinical Study. | Seibert et al., 2013 [138] | |
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| Body fluids estimation in hemodialysis patients | ECF, ICF and TBW (BIS) | Correlation between proposed equation corrected for BMI and the references (mean ± SD) was −0.4 ± 1.4 L for ECF, 0.2 ± 2.0 L for ICF and −0.2 ± 2.3 L for TBW. Clinical Study. | Moissl et al., 2006 [97] | |
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| Dry weight assessment HD patients | R and Xc (BIVA) | BIVA method shows significant different in vectors in post dialysed patients. Clinical Study. | Atilano et al., 2012 [139] | |
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| Neural system | Alzheimer's disease | R and Xc (BIVA) | BCM decreased in patients for men, T2 (Hotelling's statistic) = 12.8 and for women, T2 = 34.9. Clinical Study. | Buffa et al., 2010 [140] |
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| Anorexia nervosa (eating disorder) | FM, FFM, TBW and ECF (BIS) | The BCM to Ht2 ratio was found to be significantly changed between diseased and controls subjects. Clinical Study. | Moreno et al., 2008 [141] | |
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| Anorexia nervosa (eating disorder) | R and Xc (BIVA) | Gradually increasing in BCM and decreasing in ECF during treatments. Clinical Study. | Haas et al., 2012 [69] | |
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| Muscular system | Body composition changes monitoring during exercise training | FFM and FM (MFBIA) | BIA method underestimates FM (−3.42 kg) and overestimated FFM (3.18 kg); and undetected small shift in body composition due to exercise training. Clinical Study. | Sillanpää et al., 2013 [142] |
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| Immunology system | Comparison between SFBIA and MFBIA in HIV patients | ECF and TBW (BIS) | Insignificant differences in TBW and ECF estimation using SFBIA, MFBIA and BIS methods. Clinical Study. | Paton et al., 1998 [143] |
| Dengue haemorrhagic fever estimation in children | ECF and ICF (BIS) | (ECF/ICF) increase with increasing dengue virus infections severity in children. Clinical Study. | Libraty et al., 2002 [144] | |
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| Cancer patients | TBW (SFBIA) | Change in TBW using BIA method (Ht2/R50) correlate with deuterium dilution in underweight and normal-weight cancer patients (R2 = 0.43 and SEE = 1.22 L). Clinical Study. | Simons et al., 1999 [145] | |
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| Early diagnosis and risk analysis of dengue | R, C, φ and Xc (SFBIA) | Reactance variations among dengue patients during defervescence of feverintervalis an indicator for classifying risk category in the DHF patients. Clinical Study. | Ibrahim et al., [146] | |
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| Other diseases | Critically ill subjects | FM, TBW and ECF (BIS) | Body composition using BIS method show slightly more significant in estimation of FM, TBW and ECF among healthy and diseased subjects. Clinical Study. | Pichler et al., 2013 [91] |
| Gastrointestinal disease | R, Xc, Fc, FFM, TBW, ECF and ICF (BIS) | In critically diseased subjects, Fc and ECF increased, Xc decreased, and TBW and ICF remain the same. Clinical Study. | Cox-Reijven et al., 2003 [67] | |