Table 7.

Pre-colonial Ethnic Institutions and Regional Development within Contiguous Ethnic Homelands in the Same Country

	All Observations			Difference in Jurisdictional Hierarchy Index > | 1 |			One Ethnic Group was Part of a Pre-colonial State
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)
Jurisdictional Hierarchy Double-clustered s.e.	0.0253* (0.0134)	0.0152** (0.0073)	0.0137** (0.0065)	0.0280* (0.0159)	0.0170** (0.0079)	0.0151** (0.0072)	0.0419** (0.0213)	0.0242** (0.0096)	0.0178*** (0.0069)
Adjusted R-squared	0.329	0.391	0.399	0.338	0.416	0.423	0.424	0.501	0.512
Observations	78139	78139	77833	34180	34180	34030	16570	16570	16474
Adjacent-Ethnic-Groups Fixed Effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Population Density	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Controls at the Pixel Level	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes

Table 7 reports adjacent-ethnicity (ethnic-pair-country) fixed effects OLS estimates associating regional development, as reflected in satellite light density at night with pre-colonial ethnic institutions, as reflected in Murdock’s (1967) jurisdictional hierarchy beyond the local community index within pairs of adjacent ethnicities with a different degree of political centralization in the same country. The unit of analysis is a pixel of 0.125 × 0.125 decimal degrees (around 12 × 12 kilometers). Every pixel falls into the historical homeland of ethnicity i in country c that is adjacent to the homeland of another ethnicity j in country c, where the two ethnicities differ in the degree of political centralization. The dependent variable is a dummy variable that takes on the value of one if the pixel is lit and zero otherwise.

In columns (4)–(6) we restrict estimation to adjacent ethnic groups with large differences in the 0–4 jurisdictional hierarchy beyond the local level index (greater than one point). In columns (7)–(9) we restrict estimation to adjacent ethnic groups in the same country where the one of the two ethnicities was part of a large state before colonization (in this case the jurisdictional hierarchy beyond the local level index equals 3 or 4). In columns (2), (3), (5), (6), (8), and (9) we control for ln (pixel population density). In columns (3), (6), and (9) we control for a set of geographic and location variables at the pixel level. The set of controls includes the distance of the centroid of each pixel from the respective capital, the distance of each pixel from the sea coast, the distance of each pixel from the national border, an indicator for pixels that have water (lakes, rivers, and other streams), an indicator for pixels with diamond mines, an indicator for pixels with oil fields, pixel’s land suitability for agriculture, pixel’s mean elevation, pixel’s average value of a malaria stability index, and the log of the pixel’s area. Below the estimates we report in parentheses double-clustered standard errors at the country and the ethno-linguistic family dimensions.

^{***, **, and *}indicate statistical significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% level, respectively.