(A) A cladogram indicating the presence of the VIN, ARM, and CAD proteins (blue, purple, and green circles, respectively) in bacteria, archaea, and major eukaryotic lineages. The blue line indicates the lineage-specific origin of VIN proteins.
(B) Numbers of CCC proteins found within each domain of life found in the pFam (in bold) and SMART (in parentheses) online databases (Letunic et al., 2009; Punta et al., 2012).
(C) Distribution of CCC proteins within metazoans and opisthokont and unikont outgroups, deliniating between true orthologs and similar sequences.