. 2014 Aug 1;9(8):e103293. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103293

Table 1. Summary table of studies reporting carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Reference		Study period	Country	Sample size	Prevalence	Age group	Prevalence of carriage, % (95% CI)
*Low income countries*
Healthy population
[65]	Saha et al. 2003	1999–2000	Bangladesh	2839 children	Point	Total	46
[49]	Granat et al. 2007	2000–2001	Bangladesh	98 families with 99 new-borns	Average	4–12 months	49.3
						1–4 years	50.9
						5–9 years	41.5
						10–18 years	32.4
						Mothers	7.3
						Other adults	8.2
[116]	Coles et al. 2011	2005–2007	Bangladesh	225 children	Point	12 weeks	72.9
[42]	Cheung et al. 2009	2003 and 2003–2004	The Gambia	2342 children and 675 of their younger siblings	Point and average	Median age: 12 months. Median age siblings: 3	86.2^a
[53]	Roca et al. 2011	2003–2008	The Gambia	2094 individuals pre-vaccination	Point	2–<5 years	93.4^a
						5–<15 years	86.3
						≥15 years	60.6
[43]	Kwambana et al. 2011	NR	The Gambia	30 infants	Average	0–12 months	78 (76–83)
[54]	Hill et al. 2010	NR	The Gambia	158 individuals	Period	Children	97 (over study period)
					Period	Adults	85 (over study period)
[50]	Hill et al. 2008	NR	The Gambia	236 infants	Period	0–11 months	20–90 (100 over study period)
[57]	Hill et al. 2006	NR	The Gambia	2972 individuals	Point	Median age: 15 years	72
[39]	Lloyd-Evans et al. 1996	1989–1991	The Gambia	113 children	Point	<5 years	76.1
[55]	Abdullahi et al. 2008	2004	Kenya	450 individuals	Average	0–4 years	57
						5–9 years	41 (32–51)
						10–85 years	6.4
[52]	Abdullahi et al. 2012	2006–2009	Kenya	2840 children	Point	3–59 months	65.8
[51]	Tigoi et al. 2012	2006–2009	Kenya	1404 children, 1372 mothers, 221 fathers, and 1412 siblings	Average	Mean: 2.1 days. Mean age family members: NR	63.2^b
[64]	Valles et al. 2006	2003	Mozambique	285 children	Point	<5 years	87
[38]	Coles et al. 2008	2003–2005	Nepal	197 children	Point	1–36 months	78.7^a
[63]	Moyo et al. 2012	2010	Tanzania	300 children	Point	<5 years	35
Immunocompromised population
[117]	Rusen et al. 1997	1990	Kenya	26 children with HIV	Point	<5 years	86
[58]	Abdullahi et al. 2012	2006–2008	Kenya	99 children with HIV	Point	3–59 months	76 (66–84)
[41]	Anthony et al. 2012	2008	Tanzania	142 children with HIV	Point	1–4 years	88
						5–9 years	77
						10–14 years	76
[59]	Kateete et al. 2012	2001–2002	Uganda	81 children with homozygote sickle cell disease	Point	8 months–6 years	33
[40]	Blossom et al. 2006	2004–2005	Uganda	600 individuals with HIV	Point	Adults (mean age 38.15 years)	18
Sick population
[39]	Lloyd-Evans et al. 1996	1989–1991	The Gambia	1152 children: 1071 sick (clinical diagnosis of pneumonia, meningitis, septicemia, or other serious bacterial infection) and 81 with IPD	Point	<5 years	Sick: 85.1. IPD: 90.1
[38]	Coles et al. 2008	2003–2005	Nepal	197 children with ALRI	Point	1–36 months	80.2^a
*Lower-middle income countries*
Healthy population
[68]	Russell et al. 2006	2003–2004	Fiji	774 children	Point	3–13 months	44.3
[56]	Regev-Yochay et al. 2012	2009	Gaza strip	379 children	Point	3 weeks–5.5 years	50
				379 parents		NR	8
[66]	Denno et al. 2002	1996	Ghana	311 children	Point	6–12 months	51.4
[118]	Donkor et al. 2010	2006–2007	Ghana	124 children	Point	<13 years	15.3
[119]	Coles et al. 2001	1998–1999	India	225 infants	Point	2 months	54.2
						4 months	67.9
						6 months	69.8
[75]	Das et al. 2002	2000–2001	India	566 children	Point	5–12 years	29.1
[120]	Devi et al. 2012	2009–2010	India	811 children	Point	0–14 years	12.8
[67]	Rupa et al. 2012	2009–2010	India	210 children	Point	0–1 years	Maximum: 46.3
[121]	Wattal et al. 2007	NR	India	200 children	Point	3 months–3 years	6.5
[69]	Soewignjo et al. 2001	1997	Indonesia	484 children	Point	0–25 months	48 (42–54)^c
[122]	Adetifa et al. 2012	NR	Nigeria	1005 individuals	Point	All ages	52.5 (49.4–55.7)
[36]	Vu et al. 2011	2007–2008	Vietnam	350 children	Point	<5 years	50.3
[123]	Gill et al. 2008	2003–2005	Zambia	132 children born to HIV+ mothers and 128 children born to HIV− mothers	Average	6 weeks	25.8
Immunocompromised population
[70]	Bhattacharya et al. 2012	2008–2009	India	148 children with HIV	Point	1–16 years	28
[71]	Mwenya et al. 2010	2002–2003	Zambia	439 children with HIV	Point	6 months–14 years	51
[124]	Gill et al. 2008	2003–2005	Zambia	132 women with HIV	Average	Mean: 25.9 years	11.4
Sick population
[62]	Mastro et al. 1993	1989–1990	Pakistan	601 children with ARI	Point	Mean:14.5 months	64.4
[60]	Lankinen et al. 1994	1984	The Philippines	318 children with ALRI	Point	<5 years	51
[61]	Lupisan et al. 2000	1994	The Philippines	956 children with severe pneumonia, suspected meningitis, or clinical suspicion of sepsis.	Point	0–59 months	27.9
[36]	Vu et al. 2011	2007–2008	Vietnam	274 children with radiologically confirmed pneumonia	Point	<5 years	38.7
				276 children with other LRTI			43.3

ALRI, acute lower respiratory infection; ARI, acute respiratory infection; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IPD, invasive pneumococcal disease; LRTI, lower respiratory tract infection; NR, not reported.

Carriage rate is from the control group.

Overall carriage rate. Children, mothers, fathers, and siblings combined.

Age- and population-weighted carriage rate, adjusted for design effect.