Table 2. Joint multivariate generalized linear mixed model based on shared random intercept and slope.
| Inpatient Cost | Outpatient Cost | Pharmacy Cost | ||||
| Effect | Estimate | 95%CI | Estimate | 95%CI | Estimate | 95%CI |
| Intercept | 14854 | (13687, 16121) | 3987 | (3826, 4155) | 1530 | (1472, 1590) |
| Mental Health Visits | ||||||
| Zero | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| One | 1.014 | (0.984, 1.044) | 1.309 | (1.295, 1.323) | 1.119 | (1.109, 1.130) |
| Two | 1.054 | (1.018, 1.090) | 1.703 | (1.681, 1.725) | 1.308 | (1.294, 1.323) |
| Three or more | 0.960 | (0.940, 0.980) | 2.640 | (2.618, 2.663) | 1.714 | (1.701, 1.727) |
| Fiscal year | 0.988 | (0.983, 0.994) | 0.977 | (0.975, 0.980) | 0.978 | (0.976, 0.980) |
| Age | 1.001 | (1.000, 1.002) | 0.991 | (0.991, 0.991) | 0.988 | (0.988, 0.988) |
| Male | 1.094 | (1.044, 1.147) | 0.859 | (0.839, 0.881) | 0.943 | (0.922, 0.965) |
| Race | ||||||
| NHW | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| NHB | 1.074 | (1.049, 1.100) | 1.183 | (1.167, 1.199) | 0.845 | (0.835, 0.856) |
| Hispanic | 0.973 | (0.940, 1.008) | 1.086 | (1.066, 1.107) | 0.839 | (0.825, 0.854) |
| Others | 0.942 | (0.911, 0.973) | 0.907 | (0.893, 0.921) | 0.729 | (0.718, 0.740) |
| Married | 0.784 | (0.769, 0.798) | 0.935 | (0.926, 0.944) | 1.151 | (1.140, 1.161) |
| Rural | 0.993 | (0.974, 1.013) | 0.917 | (0.908, 0.926) | 1.041 | (1.032, 1.051) |
| Geographic Region | ||||||
| Mid-Atlantic | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| West | 1.081 | (1.050, 1.112) | 1.611 | (1.587, 1.635) | 1.007 | (0.993, 1.021) |
| Northeast | 1.175 | (1.136, 1.215) | 1.236 | (1.215, 1.257) | 1.059 | (1.043, 1.076) |
| South | 0.908 | (0.887, 0.930) | 1.015 | (1.003, 1.028) | 1.074 | (1.061, 1.086) |
| Midwest | 1.012 | (0.985, 1.040) | 1.143 | (1.127, 1.159) | 1.099 | (1.085, 1.114) |
| Psychiatric Comorbidities | ||||||
| Substance Abuse | 1.194 | (1.167, 1.221) | 0.994 | (0.981, 1.007) | 0.734 | (0.725, 0.743) |
| Depression | 1.014 | (0.992, 1.037) | 1.079 | (1.065, 1.093) | 1.175 | (1.161, 1.190) |
| Psychoses | 1.360 | (1.332, 1.389) | 1.083 | (1.070, 1.096) | 1.302 | (1.287, 1.317) |
| Medical Comorbidities | ||||||
| Anemia | 1.276 | (1.243, 1.310) | 1.322 | (1.301, 1.343) | 1.173 | (1.156, 1.190) |
| Cancer | 1.162 | (1.123, 1.202) | 1.262 | (1.239, 1.286) | 1.158 | (1.138, 1.178) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1.247 | (1.219, 1.275) | 1.210 | (1.195, 1.225) | 1.189 | (1.175, 1.203) |
| Congestive heart failure | 1.165 | (1.136, 1.194) | 1.264 | (1.246, 1.283) | 1.189 | (1.173, 1.205) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1.196 | (1.152, 1.242) | 1.232 | (1.204, 1.262) | 1.053 | (1.030, 1.076) |
| Hypertension | 1.020 | (0.996, 1.044) | 1.212 | (1.198, 1.226) | 1.272 | (1.258, 1.285) |
| Hypothyroidism | 1.026 | (0.992, 1.061) | 1.059 | (1.040, 1.078) | 1.132 | (1.114, 1.151) |
| Liver disease | 1.168 | (1.134, 1.203) | 1.214 | (1.192, 1.237) | 1.044 | (1.026, 1.063) |
| Lung disease | 1.129 | (1.106, 1.154) | 1.221 | (1.207, 1.236) | 1.243 | (1.230, 1.257) |
| Fluid/electrolyte disorders | 1.228 | (1.197, 1.260) | 1.348 | (1.326, 1.371) | 1.079 | (1.062, 1.096) |
| Obesity | 0.968 | (0.945, 0.992) | 1.042 | (1.029, 1.055) | 1.055 | (1.043, 1.067) |
| Other disease | 1.213 | (1.174, 1.254) | 1.306 | (1.280, 1.333) | 1.293 | (1.269, 1.318) |
| PVD | 1.263 | (1.232, 1.295) | 1.265 | (1.247, 1.283) | 1.130 | (1.115, 1.145) |