Table 3.
Comparison between bilingual participants in Experiments 1 and 2.
| Experiment 1 Mean (SE) |
Experiment 2 Mean (SE) |
t-test | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 22.0 (0.9) | 21.7 (0.4) | t(88) = 0.3, p > .1 |
| Age of Spanish acquisition | 2.9 (0.7) | 1.0 (.2) | t(88) = 3.5, p = .001 |
| Age fluent in Spanish | 8.8 (1.2) | 4.4 (0.4) | t(88) = 4.3, p = .001 |
| Age of English acquisition | 1.4 (0.3) | 4.4 (0.4) | t(88) = 5.3, p < .001 |
| Age fluent in English | 4.9 (0.6) | 7.0 (0.4) | t(88) = 2.9, p < .01 |
| Years of bilingual experience1 | 18.2 (1.1) | 17.1 (0.5) | t(88) = 1.1, p > .1 |
| Years of functional bilingualism2 | 12.2 (1.2) | 13.8 (0.6) | t(88) = 1.4, p > .1 |
| Self-reported English proficiency | 9.4 (0.1) | 9.4 (0.1) | t(88) = 0.6, p > .1 |
| Self-reported Spanish proficiency | 7.7 (0.2) | 8.5 (0.2) | t(88) = 3.0, p < .01 |
| Spanish receptive vocabulary (TVIP, raw scores) | 111.4 (1.3) | 107.4 (1.1) | t(88) = 2.5, p < .05 |
| English receptive vocabulary (PPVT, raw scores) | 187.5 (1.6) | 176.3 (1.1) | t(88) = 5.9, p < .001 |
| Percentage of Spanish exposure | 20.5 (2.4) | 35.0 (2.2) | t(88) = 4.1, p < .001 |
1
Years of bilingual experience = age at testing minus age when participants started acquiring their second language.
2
Years of functional bilingualism = age at testing minus the age when participants reported fluency in the language that became fluent last.