Table 1. Connectivity between the Default Mode and Cognitive Control Networks and within the Default Mode Network.
| Authors | Sample | Methods (seeds used) | Medication Status | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Castellanos et al. 2008 | N = 40 with 20 ADHD adults and 20 controls; 31.2-34.9 years. | Seed-based (frontal regions) | 9 patients discontinued for at least 24 hours before scanning | Decreased inverse cognitive control-DMN connectivity in adults with ADHD. Secondary analyses revealed ADHD-related decreases in connectivity within the DMN itself (mPFC and PCC). |
| Cao et al. 2009 | N = 42 with 19 ADHD children and 23 controls; 11-16 years. | Seed-based (putamen) | Medication-naïve | Decreased inverse connectivity between putamen and DMN regions and decreased connectivity between putamen and frontolimbic regions in children with ADHD. |
| Sun et al. 2012 | N = 42 with 19 ADHD boys and 23 controls; 11-16 years. | Seed-based (dACC) | Medication-naïve | Decreased inverse cognitive control-DMN connectivity in boys with ADHD. PCC and dACC connectivity associated with age in healthy controls, but not in ADHD. |
| Sato et al. 2012 | N = 63 with 21 ADHD adults, 21 age-matched controls, and 21 young controls; 20-50 years & 9-22 years. | Seed-based (PCC and dACC) | Medication discontinued 24 hours before scanning | Higher abnormality index for dACC and PCC connectivity in ADHD adults, with ADHD connectivity patterns more akin to younger healthy controls than age-matched peers. |
| Hoekzema et al. 2013 | N = 45 with 22 male ADHD adults and 23 controls; 29.26-32.82 years. | ICA, post-hoc seed-based | Medication-naïve | Healthy controls exhibited inverse connectivity between the DLPFC and DMN components; adults with ADHD displayed positive connectivity between these regions. |
| Fair et al. 2010 | N = 46 with 23 ADHD youth and 23 controls; 7-16 years. | Seed-based (DMN seeds) | Medication washout of five half-lives | Reduced connectivity between multiple regions within the DMN including between the PCC and mPFC in children and adolescents with ADHD. Pattern of DMN connectivity in ADHD suggestive of delayed neuromaturation. |
| Fair et al. 2012 | N = 648 with 193 ADHD (combined and inattentive-subtype) youths and 455 controls; 7-14 years. | Seed-based, 160 a priori ROIs based on Dosenbach et al. (2010) | Medication discontinued 24 to 48 hours before scan | Overlap in connectivity patterns detected for ADHD-C and ADHD-I subtypes in the sensorimotor systems. However, in contrast to the prominent atypical connectivity in midline DMN components, as well as insular cortex for ADHD-C, children with ADHD-I exhibited atypical patterns within dlPFC and cerebellum. |
| Qiu et al. 2011 | N = 30 with 15 ADHD (inattention-subtype) patients and 15 controls; 10.5-15.0 years. | ICA | Medication-free for at least half a year | Combined rs-fcMRI and DTI. Rs-fcMRI data suggest DMN hypoconnectivity in regions including PCC and precuneus and hyperconnectivity in bilateral posterior frontal cortex in ADHD. |
ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; DMN, default mode network; dACC, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; dlPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; ICA, independent component analysis; ROI, region of interest; ADHD-C, ADHD-combined subtype; ADHD-I, ADHD-predominantly inattentive subtype. rs-fcMRI, resting state functional connectivity MRI; DTI, diffusion tensor imaging.