Table 3. Additional Resting MRI Measurements.
| Authors | Sample | Methods | Medication status | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wang et al. 2013 | N = 46 with 23 ADHD adults and 23 controls; 32.04-35.14 years. | ReHo; Support Vector Machines | 11 discontinued half a year before scan; 1 discontinued 48 hours before scan | Increased activity in bilateral occipital and left frontal lobe in adults with ADHD. |
| Cao et al. 2006 | N = 44 with 23 ADHD boys and 21 controls; 11-16.5 years. | ReHO | 19 medication-naïve; 4 discontinued 48 hours before scan | Reduced ReHo in the frontal-striatal-cerebellar circuits and increased ReHo in the occipital cortex of boys with ADHD. |
| Uddin et al. 2008 | N = 40 with 20 ADHD adults and 20 controls; 31.2-34.9 years. (Same sample as Castellanos et al. 2008) | Network homogeneity | Medication-naive or discontinued 24 hours before scan | Reduced network homogeneity within the DMN of adults with ADHD. |
| Yu-Feng et al. 2007 | N = 25 with 13 ADHD boys and 12 controls; 13.0-13.1 years. | ALFF | 11 medication-naïve; 2 discontinued 48 hours before scan | Increased ALFF in the right anterior cingulate cortex, left sensorimotor cortex, and bilateral brainstem in boys with ADHD; decreased ALFF in right inferior frontal cortex, left sensorimotor cortex and bilateral cerebellum. |
| Yang et al. 2011 | N = 34 with 17 ADHD boys and 17 controls; 7.5 – 9.7 years. | ALFF | Medication-naïve | Increased ALFF in the left superior frontal gyrus and sensorimotor cortex in boys with ADHD; reduced ALFF in bilateral anterior and middle cingulate cortex and right middle frontal gyrus. |
| Tian et al. 2008 | N = 16 with 8 ADHD and 8 controls; 11-15 years. | RSAI | 7 discontinued half a year before scan; 1 discontinued 48 hours before scan | Elevated RSAI in primary sensory and sensory-related cortices in adolescents with ADHD. |
| Wang et al. 2009 | N = 39 with 19 ADHD boys and 20 controls; 13.32-13.59 years. | Small world topology. | Not specified | Increased local efficiencies and decreased global efficiencies found in boys with ADHD. |
| Cocchi et al. 2012 | N = 31 with 16 ADHD adults and 15 controls; 22.4-23.8 years. | Multivariate approaches (complex network measures); bivariate (network-based statistic); univariate (ReHo). | Medication-naïve | Abnormal local connections found in frontal, temporal and occipital cortices in adults with ADHD, as well as altered connectivity in frontal amygdala-occipital and frontal temporal-occipital networks. |
ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ReHo, regional homogeneity; DMN, default mode network; ALFF, amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation; RSAI, resting-state activity index.