Table 1. Studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Study | Total N | Group n (T/NT) | Country | Type of study (Sample name) | Risk of biasa | %F | Age (years) M (s.d.) | Sample type | Biomarkers included | Biomarkers excluded |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spitzer, et al.42 | 3047 | 1653/1394 | Germany | Population study (SHIP): T/NT | Low | 52 | 54 (15) | Serum | CRP | |
| Baumert, et al.43 | 3012 | 1224/1788 | Germany | Population study (KORA): T/NT | Low | 52 | 56 (13) | Blood, N/S | CRP | IL-18 |
| Cho, et al.44 | 2716 | (Regress.) | USA | Population study (CARDIA): ELA | Low | 55 | Range 18–30 | Plasma | IL-6, CRP | |
| O'Donovan, et al.45 | 979 | (Regress.) | USA | Stable CVD: trauma | Low | 19 | 67 (11) | Serum | IL-6, TNF-α, CRP | Resistin |
| Danese, et al.46 | 886 | 315/551 | New Zealand | Prospective birth cohort (Dunedin): ELA/no ELA | Low | 47 | All 32 years | Blood, N/S | CRP, fibrinogen | |
| Slopen, et al. (C)28 | 822 | (Regress.) | USA | Population study, subsample (MIDUS)b: ELA | Low | 53 | 59 (12) | Serum | CRP, IL-6, fibrinogen | |
| Bertone-Johnson, et al.47 | 700 | 452/248 | USA | Population study (Nurses' health study): ELA/no ELA | Low | 100 | 44 (5) | Plasma | IL-6, CRP | TNFR2 |
| Rooks, et al.48 | 482 | 245/237 | USA | Population (VET twin registry)c: high/low ELA | Low | 0 | 55 (3) | Plasma | IL-6, CRP | |
| Plantinga, et al.49 | 476 | 108/368 | USA | Population (VET twin registry)c: PTSD/no PTSD | Low | 0 | 56 (3) | Plasma | Fibrinogen | IL-6, CRPd |
| Slopen, et al. (AA)28 | 177 | (Regress.) | USA | Population study (AA) (MIDUS+Mke.)e: ELA | Low | 67 | 54 (11) | Serum | CRP, IL-6, fibrinogen | |
| Tietjen, et al.50 | 141 | 90/51 | USA | Migraine patients (+HC): ELA/no ELA | Moderate | 100 | 33 (7) | Blood, N/S | CRP, IL-6, TNF-α | Adiponectin, TGF-β |
| Smith, et al.51 | 138 | 95/43 | USA | Primary care/GYN: 35 ELA+PTSD; 31 PTSD−ELA; 29 HC+ELA; 43 NTC | Moderate | 50 | 46 (11) | Plasma | IL-1β,IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α | IFN-α |
| Blackmore, et al.52 | 137 | 50/80 | USA | Pregnant women: T/NT | Low | 100 | 25 (4) | Serum | IL-6, TNF-α | |
| Gouin, et al.53 | 130 | 57/73 | USA | Dementia caregivers: ELA/no ELA | High | 82 | 65 (13) | Serum | IL-6, TNF-α, CRP | |
| Guo, et al.54 | 100 | 50/50 | China | PTSD/NTC | High | 53 | 42 (13) | Serum | IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α | |
| Carpenter, et al.55 | 92 | 21/71 | USA | ELA/no ELA | Moderate | 51 | 31 (9) | Plasma | CRP | |
| Gill, et al.56 | 77 | 53/24 | USA | 26 PTSD, current; 27 PTSD, recovery; 24 NTC | Low | 100 | 34 (8) | Plasma | IL-6, CRP | |
| Danielson, et al.57 | 75 | 40/35 | Canada | Undergraduate students: current IPV/no current IPV | Moderate | 100 | 20 (2) | Plasma | IL-6, IL-10 | |
| Cankaya, et al.58 | 75 | 64/11 | USA | Primary care: traumatic lossf/no loss | Low | 100 | ≥40 | Serum | IL-6 | IGF-1 |
| Dennison, et al.59 | 72 | 24/48 | Ireland | Schizophrenia: 24 PSY+ELA; 16 PSY−ELA; 32 NTC | High | 54 | 37 (10) | Plasma | IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α | |
| Tucker, et al.60 | 68 | 54/14 | USA | Hurricane or mixed trauma: T/NT | High | 35 | 36 (12) | Serum | IL-2, IL-6 | |
| Hepgul, et al.61 | 63 | 25/38 | UK | First episode psychosis: 10 PSY+ELA; 15 HC+ELA; 18 PSY−ELA; 20 HC−ELA | High | 29 | 27 (2) | Plasma | CRP | |
| Cohen, et al.62 | 61 | 48/13 | Israel | Prospective musculoskeletal injury: injured/NTC | Moderate | 28 | 35 (13) | Serum | IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 | TGF-β |
| Gola, et al.63 | 60 | 22/25 | Germany | PTSD±MDD/HC | Low | 55 | 31 (10) | Plasma | IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α | MCP-1 |
| Hoge, et al.64 | 56 | 28/28 | USA | PTSD/HC | Moderate | 50 | 41 (11) | Plasma | IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α | IL-1α, IL-5, IL-7, IL-13, IL-15, IFN-γ, IP-10+others |
| Grassi-Oliveira, et al.32 | 49 | 30/19 (Regress.) | Brazil | MDD outpatients/HC: ELA regress. | Moderate | 100 | 38 (8) | Plasma | TNF-α | TNFR1, TNFR2 |
| Maes, et al.65 | 45 | 13/32 | Belgium | PTSD/HC | High | 80 | 46 (8) | Serum | IL-6 | sIL-6r, sIL-1RA |
| Janusek, et al.66 | 40 | (ELA regress.) | USA | Breast cancer | Low | 100 | 56 (9) | Plasma | IL-6 | |
| Symes, et al.67 | 39 | 25/14 | USA | CVD: IPV/no IPV | High | 100 | 57 (NR) | Serum | IL-6, CRP, TNF-α | |
| Spivak, et al.68 | 38 | 19/19 | Israel | PTSD/HC | Moderate | 0 | 29 (11) | Serum | IL-1β | sIL-2r |
| Gill, et al.69 | 36 | 22/14 | USA | PTSD±MDD/NTC | Moderate | 42 | 36 (12) | Plasma | IL-6 | |
| Groer, et al.70 | 31 | 15/16 | USA | Sexual assault crisis center: raped/HC | Moderate | 100 | Range 18–51 | Serum | IL-6 IL-10, CRP | IFN-γ |
| Pace, et al.71 | 28 | 14/14 | USA | MDD+ELA/NTC | Moderate | 0 | 30 (9) | Plasma | IL-6 | |
| Bonne, et al.72 | 26 | 15/11 | USA | PTSD/NTC | Moderate | 73 | 36 (12) | CSF | IL-6 | IGF-1 |
| Baker, et al.73 | 19 | 11/8 | USA | PTSD/HC | High | 0 | 42 (9) | Plasma | IL-6 |
Abbreviations: Blood, N/S, blood, not otherwise specified; ELA, early life adversity/childhood trauma; HC, healthy controls, not otherwise specified; IPV, intimate partner violence; MDD, major depressive disorder; N/S, not specified; NT, non-trauma exposed; NTC, non-trauma-exposed controls; primary care/GYN, recruited from primary care or gynecology clinics; PSY, psychosis; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; regress., regression model (continuous outcome); T, trauma exposed; TC, trauma-exposed controls.
Risk of bias is based on the modified QAT.41 Overall risk of bias is based on selection bias, study design, percent of recommended covariates controlled,22 use of reliable and valid assessments and use of appropriate statistical analyses.
Caucasian subsample.
Based on analysis of individuals (not twin pairs) and had been described in original study as statistically corrected for clustering.
Subsample of Rooks et al.,49 so overlapping biomarkers were not included.
African American subsample: comprised of MIDUS and Milwaukee (Mke.) samples.
Sudden loss, as defined by TLEQ.74