Table 1.

Scale Definitions: Infant Behavior Questionnaire - Revised (IBQ-R)

Positive Affectivity/Surgency
Activity Level	Gross motor activity, including movement of arms and legs, squirming and locomotor activity. (“When put into the bath water, how often did the baby splash or kick?”; similar in length/content to the original IBQ scale)
Approach	Rapid approach, excitement, and positive anticipation of pleasurable activities. (“When given a new toy, how often did the baby get very excited about getting it?”)
High Intensity Pleasure	Pleasure or enjoyment related to high stimulus intensity, rate, complexity, novelty, and incongruity. (“During a peek-a-boo game, how often did the baby smile?”)
Perceptual	Detection of slight, low intensity stimuli from the external environment.
Sensitivity	(“How often did the baby notice fabrics with scratchy texture (e.g., wool)?”)
Smile and Laughter	Smiling or laughter during general caretaking and play. (“How often during the last week did the baby smile or laugh when given a toy?”; shorter and different in content from the original IBQ scale)
Vocal Reactivity	Amount of vocalization exhibited by the baby in daily activities. (“When being dressed undressed during the last week, how often did the baby coo or vocalize?”)
Negative Emotionality
Distress to Limitations	Fussing, crying or showing distress while a) in a confining place or position; b) in caretaking activities; c) unable to perform a desired action. (“When placed on his/her back, how often did the baby fuss or protest?”; shorter, but similar in content to the original IBQ scale)
Fear	Startle or distress to sudden changes in stimulation, novel physical objects or social stimuli; inhibited approach to novelty. (“How often during the last weed did the baby startle to a sudden or loud noise?”; different in content from the original IBQ)
Sadness	Lowered mood and activity related to personal suffering, physical state, object loss, or inability to perform a desired action; general low mood. (“Did the baby seem sad when the caregiver was gone for an unusually long period of time?”)
Falling Reactivity/ Rate of Recovery from Distress	Rate of recovery from peak distress, excitement, or general arousal; ease of falling asleep. (“When frustrated with something, how often did the baby calm down within 5 minutes?”)
Orienting/Regulatory Capacity
Cuddliness	Expression of enjoyment and molding of the body to being held by a caregiver. (When rocked or hugged, during the last week, how often did the baby seem to enjoy him/herself?”)
Duration of Orienting	Attention to and/or interaction with a single object for extended periods of time. (“How often during the last week did the baby stare at a mobile, crib bumper or picture for 5 minutes or longer?”; similar in length/content to the original IBQ scale)
Low Intensity Pleasure	Amount of pleasure or enjoyment related to low stimulus intensity, rate, complexity, novelty and incongruity. (“When playing quietly with one of is/her favorite toys, how often did the baby show pleasure?”)
Soothability	Reduction of fussing, crying, or distress when soothing techniques are used by the caregiver. (“When patting or gently rubbing some part of the baby’s body, how often did s/he soothe immediately?”; similar in length/content to the original IBQ scale)