NGAL regulates the levels of anti-nuclear antibodies. A. Serum samples from B6 and B6.NGAL−/− mice, 4 months after pristane or PBS challenge, were analyzed for the presence of ANA using Hep-2 slides. Immunofluorescent staining patterns were compared between the groups using the Mann-Whitney test. The analysis was performed on randomly selected mice, n=3-4 per PBS group, n=5-7 per pristane group. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM, **p<0.01. B. Autoantibodies to Sm/RNP are upregulated in the serum of pristane challenged B6.NGAL−/− mice. 35S-labeled K562 cell extract was immunoprecipitated with sera from B6 and B6.NGAL−/− mice, 3-6 months after pristane or PBS challenge. Positions of the U1 snRNP-specific A and C proteins, and the Sm proteins B’/B, D, E/F, and G, are indicated by arrows. Positions of molecular weight standards in kilodaltons are shown on the left. Data are representative of results from two independent cohorts (n=3 per PBS group, n=14-16 per pristane group).