Table 1.
Chemoattractant GPCRs and ligands.
| Expression | Ligands | Functions | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| “Classical” | ||||
| FPR | ||||
| FPR1 | Myeloid cells, lymphocytes Tumor cells |
Bacteria and host derived peptides | Chemotaxis and activation Tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis |
[12, 13] |
| FPR2 | Myeloid cells Tumor cells |
Bacteria and host derived peptides | Chemotaxis and activation Antitumor defense, tumor invasion |
[13] |
| FPR3 | Monocytes, dendritic cells Tumor cells |
Synthetic and host derived peptides | Chemotaxis and activation Tumor invasion |
[13] |
| PAFR | Macrophages, polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and various tissue cells Tumor cells |
PAF | Chemotaxis and activation Tumor growth and metastasis; inhibiting tumor angiogenesis |
[14, 15] |
| C5aR | Neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, dendritic cells, mast cells, and various nonimmune cells Tumor cells |
C5a | Chemotaxis and activation Tumor metastasis; opposite function in angiogenesis |
[16–18] |
| LTB4R | ||||
| BLT1 | Neutrophils, macrophages, T lymphocytes Tumor cells |
LTB4 | Chemotaxis and activation Tumor growth |
[19] |
| BLT2 | Most human tissues cells and leukocytes Tumor cells |
LTB4 | Chemotaxis and activation Tumor growth, metastasis |
[19] |
| “Chemokine” | ||||
| CCR | ||||
| CCR1 | Monocytes, neutrophils, T lymphocytes, dendritic cells Tumor cells |
CCL3/4/6/7/8/9/10/14/15/16/23 | Chemotaxis and activation Tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis |
[20] |
| CCR2 | Monocytes, basophils, T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, NK cells, endothelial cells Tumor cells |
CCL2/7/8/11/13/16 | Chemotaxis and activation Tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis |
[21, 22] |
| CCR3 | Eosinophils, basophils, Th2 lymphocytes, mast cells Tumor cells |
CCL7/11/13/15/24/26/28 | Chemotaxis and activation Tumor growth, metastasis |
[23] |
| CCR4 | Macrophages, monocytes, basophils, T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, NK cells, mast cells, platelets Tumor cells |
CCL2/4/5/17/22 | Chemotaxis and activation Tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis |
[24] |
| CCR5 | Macrophages, T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, NK cells Tumor cells |
CCL3/4/5/7/11/13/16 | Chemotaxis and activation Tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis |
[25, 26] |
| CCR6 | Neutrophils, T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, epithelial cells of some tissues Tumor cells |
CCL20 | Chemotaxis and activation Tumor growth, metastasis |
[27, 28] |
| CCR7 | T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells Tumor cells |
CCL19/21 | Lymphoid tissue chemotaxis and activation Tumor growth, metastasis |
[29, 30] |
| CCR8 | Macrophages, Th2 lymphocytes, endothelial cells Tumor cells |
CCL1/16 | Chemotaxis and activation Tumor metastasis |
[31, 32] |
| CCR9 | T lymphocytes Tumor cells |
CCL25 | Small intestinal specific chemotaxis and activation Tumor growth, metastasis; inhibiting tumor metastasis in some tumors |
[33, 34] |
| CCR10 | T lymphocytes Tumor cells |
CCL27/28 | Skin-specific chemotaxis and activation Tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis |
[35, 36] |
| CXCR | ||||
| CXCR1 | Neutrophils, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, endothelial cells Tumor cells |
CXCL6/8 | Chemotaxis and activation Tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis |
[37–39] |
| CXCR2 | Neutrophils, basophils, T lymphocytes, oligodendrocytes, endothelial cells Tumor cells |
CXCL1/2/3/5/6/8 | Chemotaxis and activation Tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis |
[40, 41] |
| CXCR3 | Macrophages, T lymphocytes, NK cells, NKT cells, endothelial cells Tumor cells |
CXCL4/9/10/11 | Chemotaxis and activation Two variants CXCR3-A and CXCR3-B have opposite function in tumor progression |
[42, 43] |
| CXCR4 | Numerous cell types: hematopoietic cells and stem cells Tumor cells |
CXCL12 | Chemotaxis and activation Maintenance of stem phenotype Tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis |
[1, 44] |
| CXCR5 | T and B lymphocytes Tumor cells |
CXCL13 | Chemotaxis and activation Tumor growth, metastasis; inhibiting tumor metastasis in some tumors |
[45, 46] |
| CXCR6 | T and B lymphocytes, NK cells, NKT cells, plasma cells Tumor cells |
CXCL16 | Chemotaxis and activation Tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis; inhibiting tumor migration in some tumors |
[47] |
| CXCR7 | T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, fetal hepatocytes Tumor cells |
CXCL11/12 | Chemotaxis and activation Tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis; assisting with CXCR4 to regulate tumor progression |
[48–50] |
| CX3CR | ||||
| CX3CR1 | Monocytes, T and B lymphocytes, mast cells, dendritic cells, NK cells Tumor cells |
CX3CL1 | Chemotaxis and activation Tumor growth, metastasis; inhibiting tumor invasion in some tumors |
[51, 52] |
| XCR | ||||
| XCR1 | Neutrophils, T lymphocytes, dendritic cells Tumor cells |
XCL1/2 | Chemotaxis and activation Tumor cell growth, metastasis |
[53] |