Table 3.
The functions of chemoattractant GPCRs expressed by tumor cells.
| GPCRs | Tumor | Function | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| FPR | |||
| FPR1 | Colorectal cancer | Invasion | [158] |
| Gastric cancer | Invasion | [159] | |
| Glioblastoma | Growth, invasion, vasculogenesis, angiogenesis | [160–163] | |
| FPR2 | Gastric cancer | Invasion | [159] |
| Ovarian cancer | Invasion | [164] | |
| FPR3 | Gastric cancer | Invasion | [159] |
| PAFR | Breast cancer | Migration, proliferation, angiogenesis | [165] |
| Melanoma | Metastasis | [166] | |
| Ovarian cancer | Proliferation, invasion | [167] | |
| C5aR | Bile duct cancer, colorectal cancer | Invasion | [168] |
| Non-small-cell lung cancer | Metastasis | [169] | |
| LTB4R | |||
| BLT1 | Colorectal cancer | Proliferation | [170] |
| BLT2 | Bladder cancer | Metastasis, antiapoptosis | [171, 172] |
| Breast cancer | Metastasis | [173] | |
| Pancreatic cancer | Growth, migration | [174, 175] | |
| Prostate cancer | Antianoikis, antiapoptosis | [176, 177] | |
| Ovarian cancer | Metastasis | [178] | |
| CCR | |||
| CCR1 | Breast cancer | Invasion | [179] |
| Glioma | Proliferation, tumorigenesis | [180] | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Migration, invasion | [181, 182] | |
| Oral squamous cell carcinoma | Migration | [183] | |
| Ovarian cancer | Invasion | [184] | |
| CCR2 | Bladder cancer | Migration, invasion | [185] |
| Breast cancer | Migration, proliferation, antiapoptosis | [186] | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Migration, invasion | [181] | |
| Multiple myeloma | Growth | [187] | |
| Ovarian cancer | Invasion, adhesion, proliferation | [188, 189] | |
| Prostate cancer | Proliferation, migration, invasion | [190, 191] | |
| CCR3 | Lymphoma | Growth | [192] |
| Glioma | Proliferation, tumorigenesis | [180] | |
| Oral squamous cell carcinoma | Migration, invasion | [183] | |
| Ovarian cancer | Invasion, proliferation | [184, 189] | |
| Renal cell carcinoma | Growth, dissemination | [193] | |
| CCR4 | Breast cancer | Growth, metastasis, angiogenesis | [139, 194] |
| Colorectal cancer | Migration | [195] | |
| Gastric cancer | Migration | [196] | |
| Melanoma | Metastasis | [197] | |
| Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck | Metastasis | [198] | |
| CCR5 | Breast cancer | Proliferation, metastasis | [25, 199–202] |
| Colorectal cancer | Growth | [203] | |
| Gastric cancer | Metastasis | [204] | |
| Glioma | Proliferation, tumorigenesis | [180] | |
| Hodgkin lymphoma | Growth, metastasis | [205] | |
| Oral cancer | Migration | [206] | |
| Ovarian cancer | Invasion, proliferation | [189] | |
| CCR6 | Colorectal cancer | Proliferation, metastasis | [207, 208] |
| Endometrial adenocarcinoma | Proliferation | [27] | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Metastasis | [209, 210] | |
| Non-small-cell lung cancer | Metastasis | [211] | |
| Pancreatic cancer | Invasion | [212–214] | |
| Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck | Metastasis | [215, 216] | |
| CCR7 | Breast cancer | Metastasis, antianoikis | [217, 218] |
| Colorectal cancer | Metastasis | [219, 220] | |
| Melanoma | Growth, metastasis, tumorigenesis | [221, 222] | |
| Non-small-cell lung cancer | Proliferation, antiapoptosis, metastasis | [29, 223–226] | |
| Oral squamous cell carcinoma | Metastasis | [227] | |
| Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | Metastasis | [228] | |
| Prostate cancer | Metastasis | [229] | |
| Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck | Proliferation, antiapoptosis, metastasis, adhesion | [230–236] | |
| T cell lymphoma | Dissemination | [237] | |
| CCR8 | Melanoma, breast cancer, leukemia | Metastasis | [32] |
| CCR9 | Breast cancer | Migration, invasion | [238] |
| Colorectal cancer | Inhibiting metastasis | [239] | |
| Ovarian cancer | Migration, invasion | [240] | |
| Pancreatic cancer | Proliferation, invasion | [34, 241] | |
| Prostate cancer | Antiapoptosis | [242] | |
| CCR10 | Melanoma | Growth, metastasis | [243, 244] |
| CXCR | |||
| CXCR1 | Breast cancer | Stem cell self-renewal | [245] |
| Cervical carcinoma | Proliferation | [246] | |
| Colorectal cancer | Metastasis, antiapoptosis, angiogenesis | [247] | |
| Gastric cancer | Invasion | [248] | |
| Glioblastoma | Growth, migration, invasion | [249, 250] | |
| Melanoma | Growth, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis | [251–253] | |
| Prostate cancer | Growth, angiogenesis | [254] | |
| Renal cell carcinoma | Growth, angiogenesis | [37] | |
| Thyroid carcinoma | Metastasis | [255] | |
| CXCR2 | Breast cancer | Migration, invasion, stem cell self-renewal | [245, 256, 257] |
| Cervical carcinoma | Proliferation | [246] | |
| Colorectal cancer | Proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis | [258–261] | |
| Gastric cancer | Metastasis | [262, 263] | |
| Glioblastoma | Growth, migration | [249, 264] | |
| Melanoma | Growth, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis | [251–253] | |
| Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Growth | [265] | |
| Non-small-cell lung cancer | Growth, metastasis, angiogenesis | [266, 267] | |
| Ovarian cancer | Growth, angiogenesis | [268] | |
| Pancreatic cancer | Invasion, angiogenesis | [269] | |
| Prostate cancer | Growth, angiogenesis | [254] | |
| Renal cell carcinoma | Growth, angiogenesis | [37] | |
| Thyroid carcinoma | Metastasis | [255] | |
| CXCR3 | Breast cancer | Metastasis; inhibiting growth | [270–273] |
| Colorectal cancer | Metastasis | [274] | |
| Glioma | Growth | [275, 276] | |
| Lung adenocarcinoma | Metastasis | [226] | |
| Melanoma | Migration | [277] | |
| Myeloma | Inhibiting/promoting proliferation and apoptosis | [43] | |
| Ovarian cancer | Growth, metastasis | [278] | |
| Prostate cancer | Metastasis | [279] | |
| Renal cell carcinoma | Growth, metastasis | [280, 281] | |
| CXCR4 | At least 23 haematopoietic and solid cancers | Growth, metastasis, angiogenesis | [1, 44] |
| CXCR5 | Breast cancer | Metastasis | [282] |
| Colorectal cancer | Growth, migration | [283] | |
| Neuroblastoma | Inhibiting/promoting metastasis | [45, 284] | |
| Prostate cancer | Proliferation, invasion, migration, adhesion | [285–288] | |
| CXCR6 | Colorectal cancer | Growth, migration, invasion | [289] |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Growth, metastases, angiogenesis | [3] | |
| Melanoma | Stem cell self-renewal | [290] | |
| Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Metastasis | [291] | |
| Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | Invasion | [292] | |
| Prostate cancer | Proliferation, metastasis | [293–295] | |
| Renal cell carcinoma | Inhibiting migration | [296] | |
| CXCR7 | Breast cancer | Inhibiting invasion; growth, angiogenesis | [297] |
| Cervical carcinoma | Growth, adhesion | [298] | |
| Glioma | Growth, migration, sphere and tube formation | [49, 299] | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Growth, metastasis, angiogenesis | [300, 301] | |
| Lymphoma | Growth, adhesion | [298] | |
| Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Metastasis | [291] | |
| Neuroblastoma | Inhibiting growth; metastasis | [50, 302] | |
| CX3CR | |||
| CX3CR1 | Epithelial ovarian carcinoma | Proliferation, migration, adhesion | [303] |
| Glioma | Inhibiting invasion | [304] | |
| Neuroblastoma | Migration | [305] | |
| Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | Migration | [306, 307] | |
| Prostate cancer | Metastasis | [308–310] | |
| Renal cell carcinoma | Metastasis | [311] | |
| XCR | |||
| XCR1 | Epithelial ovarian carcinoma | Proliferation, metastasis | [312] |
| Oral squamous cell carcinoma | Proliferation, migration, invasion | [313] |