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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2014 Feb 19;40(2):155–175. doi: 10.1016/j.rdc.2014.01.001

Table 1.

Epidemiological studies of risk factors for gout

Study Design Population Total
sample		 Age range
(years)		 % male Duration of
follow-up		 Method of gout
ascertainment
and number of
incident gout		 Risk factors studied Adjustment for
Framingham
Heart Study		 Cohort Framingham,
Massachusetts		 4,427 29–62 44% 28 years Clinical diagnosis;
200 in men
104 in women		 Hyperuricemia, age,
education level, BMI,
alcohol intake,
diuretics hypertension,
glucose, cholesterol		 Age, education level, BMI,
alcohol intake, hypertension,
diuretics, blood glucose level,
blood cholesterol level,
menopausal status
Health
Professionals
Follow-up Study		 Cohort Male health
professionals		 51,529 40–75 100% 12 years ARA criteria; 730 Dietary purines, dairy
products, caffeinated
drinks, soft drinks,
fructose, vitamin C,
alcoholic drinks, BMI,
hypertension,
diuretics, renal failure		 Age, energy intake, BMI,
diuretic use, hypertension,
renal failure, dietary factors
Nurses’ Health
Study		 Cohort Female nurses 89,433 30–55 0% 26 years ARA criteria; 896 Caffeinated drinks,
soft drinks, fructose		 Age, energy intake, BMI ,
menopause, postmenopausal
hormone use, diuretics,
hypertension, dietary factors
Atherosclerosis
Risk in
Communities
(ARIC)		 Cohort Population-based
study in 4 US
communities		 10,872 45–64 43% 9 years Self-reported
physician
diagnosis; 274		 Gender, race, BMI,
hypertension, alcohol
intake, eGFR		 Age, gender, race, BMI,
diabetes, hypertension,
diuretics, menopause, meat
intake, alcohol intake, eGFR
The Health
Improvement
Network (THIN)		 Case-
control		 UK general
practice		 1,775,505 20–89 73% 5.2 years GP diagnosis;
24,768 cases		 Alcohol intake, BMI,
hypertension,
diuretics, anti-
hypertensives, chronic
renal failure		 Age, gender, calendar year,
alcohol intake, BMI, ischemic
heart disease, hypertension,
hyperlipidemia, diabetes,
chronic renal impairment,
diuretics, anti-hypertensives

ARA, American Rheumatism Association; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GP, general practitioner; UK, United Kingdom; ULT, urate-lowering therapy; US, United States