Table 3.
Dietary factors and risk of incident gout
| Dietary factor | Study | Exposure group | Referent group | Multivariate risk estimate (95% confidence interval) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Meat | HPFS | Highest quintile | Lowest quintile | RR 1.41 (1.07, 1.86) |
| Seafood | HPFS | Highest quintile | Lowest quintile | RR 1.51 (1.17, 1.95) |
| Purine-rich vegetables | HPFS | Highest quintile | Lowest quintile | RR 0.96 (0.79, 1.19) |
| Dairy products | HPFS | Highest quintile | Lowest quintile | RR 0.56 (0.42, 0.74) |
| Low-fat dairy | HPFS | Highest quintile | Lowest quintile | RR 0.58 (0.45, 0.76) |
| High-fat dairy | HPFS | Highest quintile | Lowest quintile | RR 1.00 (0.77, 1.29) |
| Coffee | HPFS | ≥6 cups/day | None | RR 0.41 (0.19, 0.88) |
| Nurses’ Health Study | ≥4 cups/day | None | RR 0.43 (0.30, 0.61) | |
| Decaffeinated coffee | HPFS | ≥4 cups/day | None | RR 0.73 (0.46, 1.17) |
| Nurses’ Health Study | >1 cups/day | None | RR 0.77 (0.63, 0.95) | |
| Tea | HPFS | ≥4 cups/day | None | RR 0.82 (0.38, 1.75) |
| Nurses’ Health Study | ≥4 cups/day | None | RR 1.55 (0.98, 2.47) | |
| Total caffeine | HPFS | Highest quintile | Lowest quintile | RR 0.83 (0.64, 1.08) |
| Nurses’ Health Study | Highest quintile | Lowest quintile | RR 0.52 (0.41, 0.68) | |
| Sugar-sweetened soft drinks | HPFS | ≥2 servings/day | <1 serving/month | RR 1.85 (1.08, 3.16) |
| Nurses’ Health Study | ≥2 servings/day | <1 serving/month | RR 2.39 (1.34, 4.26) | |
| Diet soft drinks | HPFS | ≥2 servings/day | <1 serving/month | RR 1.12 (0.82, 1.52) |
| Nurses’ Health Study | ≥2 servings/day | <1 serving/month | RR 1.18 (0.87, 1.58) | |
| Free fructose | HPFS | Highest quintile | Lowest quintile | RR 2.02 (1.49, 2.75) |
| Nurses’ Health Study | Highest quintile | Lowest quintile | RR 1.62 (1.20, 2.19) | |
| Vitamin C | HPFS | >1500mg/day | <250mg/day | RR 0.55 (0.38, 0.80) |
| Alcohol | ARIC | “High” alcohol intake | Not defined | HR 2.00 (1.42, 2.82) |
| THIN | >42 units/week | None | OR 3.00 (2.66, 3.38) | |
| HPFS | >50g/day | None | RR 2.53 (1.73, 3.70) | |
| Framingham Heart (men) | >7oz/week | 0-1oz/week | RR 2.21 (1.56, 3.14) | |
| Framingham Heart (women) | >7oz/week | 0-1oz/week | RR 3.10 (1.69, 5.68) | |
| Beer | HPFS | >2 servings/day | <1 serving/month | RR 2.51 (1.77, 3.55) |
| Spirits | HPFS | >2 servings/day | <1 serving/month | RR 1.60 (1.19, 2.16) |
| Wine | HPFS | >2 servings/day | <1 servingmonth | RR 1.05 (0.64, 1.72) |
ARIC, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-up Study; HR, hazards ratio; OR, odds ratio; RR, relative risk; THIN, The Health Improvement Network