Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants at baseline (wave 1) (n = 2,654)
| Characteristic | Mean (SD) or no. (%) |
|---|---|
| Age (year) | 68.79 (6.33) |
| Female | 1,476 (55.6) |
| Age finished full-time education | |
| Did not attend school | 12 (0.5) |
| ≤ 14 | 686 (26.4) |
| 15 | 818 (31.5) |
| 16 | 471 (18.1) |
| 17 | 193 (7.4) |
| 18 | 115 (4.4) |
| ≥ 19 | 305 (11.7) |
| Household wealth (quintiles) | |
| 1 | 379 (14.4) |
| 2 | 487 (18.5) |
| 3 | 550 (20.8) |
| 4 | 577 (21.9) |
| 5 | 645 (24.5) |
| Heart disease | 342 (12.9) |
| Stroke | 93 (3.5) |
| Diabetes | 163 (6.1) |
| Chronic lung disease | 156 (5.9) |
| Asthma | 297 (11.2) |
| Arthritis | 895 (33.7) |
| Osteoporosis | 150 (5.7) |
| Cancer | 173 (6.5) |
| Depressive symptom score | 0.7 (0.54) |
| Smoking | |
| Never | 1004 (37.8) |
| Ex- | 1319 (49.7) |
| Current | 331 (12.5) |
| Exercise | |
| Low | 730 (27.5) |
| 2 | 880 (33.2) |
| 3 | 561 (21.1) |
| High | 483 (18.2) |
| *Grip strength (kg) | 30.2 (10.3) |
| *Height (cm) | 164.7 (9.3) |
| *Waist–hip ratio | 0.9 (0.08) |
| *BMI (kg/m2) | 27.7 (4.49) |
| *Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 138.1 (19.0) |
| *Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.3 (10.8) |
*Data available at wave 2
The covariates were complete except for the following numbers of missing values: education 54, wealth 16, grip strength 303, height 338, waist–hip ratio 338, BMI 361, systolic and diastolic BP 542