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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Abnorm Psychol. 2014 May;123(2):362–374. doi: 10.1037/a0036585

Figure 1. Hypothesized Model of Associations between ADHD and CD and Adolescent Substance Use.

Figure 1

Note. Path diagram represents hypothesized model for the effect of ADHD and CD on substance use. W: Year 1- Year 9 of data collection. Residual terms, means, and variances are estimated but not shown in the model. aModel was tested for each of three statistically significant substance use outcomes: cigarette frequency, marijuana frequency, and age of first drink. bMaternal drinking included in the alcohol initiation model as a covariate.