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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Aug 4.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Neurosci. 2005 Jun;28(6):290–296. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2005.04.007

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Synaptic organization of primary sound localization circuits. (a) Neurons in the lateral superior olive (LSO) encode interaural intensity differences by integrating excitatory glutamatergic inputs from the ipsilateral cochlea nucleus (CN) with inhibitory glycinergic inputs from the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), which in turn is activated by the contralateral cochlea nucleus. (b) Neurons in the medial superior olive (MSO) encode interaural time differences by integrating bilateral excitatory inputs from both cochlear nuclei and bilateral inhibitory inputs from the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body (LNTB) and the MNTB. All of these auditory nuclei are tonotopically organized, as indicated by color gradients. Additional abbreviations: Hf, high frequency; Lf, low frequency.