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S1P pre-treatment increased phosphorylation of nuclear and mitochondrial STAT-3. Representative Western blots demonstrating levels of phosphorylated-STAT-3/total STAT-3 in (A) the cytoplasm, (B) the nucleus, and (C) the mitochondria after seven minutes of S1P pre-treatment in isolated rat hearts (n = 4 per group, *p < 0.05 vs control).
