Table 5.
Characteristics of In-hospital Formula Use§ and Corresponding Odds Ratios of Not Fully Breastfeeding Days 30–60 and Breastfeeding Cessation By Day 60
| Variable | Category | Number in category (%)# | Not Fully Breastfeeding Days 30–60* | Breastfeeding Cessation By Day 60** | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | OR € [95%CI] | Adjusted OR& [95%CI] | P-value£ | % | OR € [95%CI] | Adjusted OR& [95%CI] | P-value£ | |||
| Exclusive breastfeeding in-hospital (H-EBF)@ | 210 (54%) | 36.7% | Referent | Referent | n/a | 10.5% | Referent | Referent | n/a | |
| Any in-hospital formula use | 183 (47%) | 67.8% | 3.6 (2.4,5.5) | 3.9 (2.2,6.5) | <0.0001 | 32.8% | 4.2 (2.4,7.1) | 4.4 (2.2,8.7) | <0.0001 | |
| Characteristics of In-hospital Formula Use | ||||||||||
| Volume (0–72 h) | 0.016¶ | 0.10¶ | ||||||||
| None | 210 (54%) | 36.7% | Referent | Referent | n/a | 10.5% | Referent | Referent | n/a | |
| 1–30 mL | 48 (12%) | 56.2% | 2.2 (1.2,4.2) | 1.9 (0.95,4.0) | 18.8% | 2.0 (0.84,4.6) | 2.0 (0.77,5.2) | |||
| 31–60 mL | 26 (7%) | 76.9% | 5.8 (2.2,15.0) | 7.1 (2.5,20.0) | 38.5% | 5.3 (2.2,13.2) | 7.3 (2.5,21.6) | |||
| 61–180 mL | 58 (15%) | 65.5% | 3.3 (1.8,6.0) | 4.5 (2.2,9.6) | 31.0 % | 3.8 (1.9,7.8) | 5.7 (2.3,14.1) | |||
| >180 mL | 46 (12%) | 82.6% | 8.2 (3.6,18.5) | 10.5 (3.9,28.5) | 50.0% | 8.5 (4.1,17.7) | 8.7 (3.2,23.2) | |||
| Number of formula feeds 0–72 h | 0.002¶ | 0.003¶ | ||||||||
| 1–3 | 68 (17%) | 57.4% | 2.3 (1.3, 4.1) | 2.3 (1.2, 4.3) | 20.6% | 2.2 (1.1, 4.6) | 2.2 (0.9, 5.1) | |||
| 4–8 | 55 (14%) | 61.8% | 2.8 (1.5, 5.2) | 4.1 (1.9, 8.7) | 25.5% | 2.9 (1.4, 6.2) | 5.6 (2.1, 15) | |||
| 9–31 | 60 (15%) | 85% | 9.8 (4.6, 21) | 14 (5.2, 35) | 53.3% | 9.8 (5.0, 19) | 12 (4.7, 30) | |||
| Method of feedingΣ | ||||||||||
| Bottle - yes | 115 (39%) | 74.8% | 5.1 (3.1,8.5) | 5.3 (2.9,9.8) | 0.011Ω | 40% | 5.7 (3.2,10.2) | 5.3 (2.6,10.9) | 0.068 Ω | |
| Method(s) did not include bottle use | 56 (15%) | 53.6% | 2.0 (1.1,3.6) | 2.1 (1.1,4.4) | 19.6% | 2.1 (0.9,4.6) | 2.6 (1.01,6.7) | |||
| Cup - yes | 27 (7%) | 66.7% | 3.4 (1.5,8.1) | 4.8 (1.8,13.1) | 0.57 Ω | 33.3% | 4.3 (1.7,10.7) | 5.9 (2.0,17.9) | 0.57 Ω | |
| SNS¥ - yes | 27 (7%) | 66.7% | 3.4 (1.5,8.1) | 5.9 (2.2,15.5) | 0.18 Ω | 22.2% | 2.4 (0.9,6.7) | 4.6 (1.4,15.1) | 0.97 Ω | |
| Syringe - yes | 86 (23%) | 73.3% | 4.7 (2.7,8.2) | 5.7 (2.9,11.1) | 0.042 Ω | 32.6% | 4.1 (2.2,7.8) | 5.3 (2.4,11.8) | 0.31 Ω | |
| Finger- yes | 11(3%) | 72.7% | 4.6 (1.2,17.9) | 8.2 (1.8, 36.6) | 0.21 Ω | 27.3% | 3.2 (0.8,13.0) | 8.5 (1.7,42.1) | 0.55 Ω | |
Percent is of all infants with follow-up data, n=393; n/a = not applicable; BF= breastfeeding; EBF= exclusive breastfeeding;
51.1% of total received supplemental formula days 30–60;
20.9% of total experienced breastfeeding cessation before day 60;
OR [95%CI] =Odds ratio [95% confidence interval]; Referent group for all odds ratios is exclusive breastfeeding in-hospital;
p-value for adjusted odds ratio;
Adjusted for maternal demographics (age, education, type of insurance), length of hospital stay and prenatally assessed Infant Feeding Intention rank;
P-value is for difference among categories of formula use;
P-value for trend test among H-formula users;
Supplemental nursing system;
Multiple supplementation methods could be used;
p-value is for supplemented infants with vs. without that method of feeding;
No significant differences noted by timing of first in-hospital formula use, whether breastfed prior to in-hospital formula use or by whom recommended formula use (physican, nurse, lactation consultant or maternal preference).