Table 3.
Multivariate Multilevel Models of Internalizing/Externalizing Raw Scores (with Robust Standard Errors) -- Individual/Family Characteristics and Exposure to Life-Threatening Violence
| Independent variables |
Model |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Internalizing |
Externalizing |
|||
| 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
| Individual/family level | ||||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| African american | .07 (.52) |
−.21 (.51) |
.12 (.45) |
−.01 (.44) |
| Latino | .89 (.55) |
.87 (.56) |
.39 (.51) |
.41 (.52) |
| Other | −.16 (.76) |
−.27 (.77) |
−.81 (.67) |
−.87 (.67) |
| Age | .19 (.11) |
.23 (.12) |
.13 (.09) |
.14 (.09) |
| Immigrant generation (vs. 3+) |
||||
| First | .72 (.67) |
1.00 (.66) |
−1.49 * (.59) |
−1.23 * (.59) |
| Second | −.21 (.49) |
.04 (.52) |
−.88 * (.38) |
−.67 (.40) |
| Household size | −.18 (.10) |
−.21 * (.10) |
.00 (.07) |
−.02 *** (.07) |
| Number years current address | −.03 (.03) |
−.01 (.03) |
−.05 * (.02) |
−.03 (.02) |
| Family socioeconomic status | −.05 (.16) |
−.07 (.16) |
.21 (.13) |
.20 (.13) |
| PC married | −.09 (.40) |
−.06 (.40) |
−.87 * (.38) |
−.79 * (.38) |
| PC employed | −.74 (.40) |
−.63 (.40) |
−.68 * (.32) |
−.63 * (.32) |
| Family history of depression | .90 * (.46) |
.65 (.44) |
.37 (.35) |
.20 (.34) |
| Exposure to severe violence | ||||
| Boys | 1.16 (.68) |
.96 (.67) |
1.23 * (.61) |
1.13 (.59) |
| Girls | 1.99 * (.78) |
1.82 * (.76) |
1.57 * (.74) |
1.53 * (.74) |
| Family support | − | −1.04 * (.52) |
− | −.34 (.37) |
| Partner violence (log) |
− | .45 (.24) |
− | .47 * (.20) |
| Child maltreatment (log) |
− | 2.40 *** (.70) |
− | 1.39 * (.57) |
| Wave 1 internalizing | .61 *** (.03) |
.57 *** (.03) |
− | − |
| Wave 1 externalizing | − | − | .43 *** (.02) |
.41 *** (.02) |
| Boys intercept | 8.48 *** (.23) |
8.45 *** (.23) |
7.50 *** (.22) |
7.49 *** (.22) |
| Girls intercept | 8.53 *** (.28) |
8.64 *** (.28) |
7.28 *** (.23) |
7.32 *** (.23) |
a
Neighborhood level N = 169; Person level N = 1227; variance components omitted.
*
p < .05
**
p < .01
***
p < .001