Table 2.
Univariate lifecourse associates of children's relatively positive PRH (N=547)
| Relatively negative PRH |
Relatively positive PRH |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n=42) |
(n=505) |
||||||
| N | Per cent (n) | Mean (SD) | Per cent (n) | Mean (SD) | OR | 95% CI | |
| Child’s individual characteristics | |||||||
| Birth weight adjusted for gestational age (g) | 487 | (34) | 3564.1 (616) | (453) | 3548.4 (552) | 1.00 | (0.999 to 1.001) |
| Child’s age (years) | 547 | (42) | 5.42 (0.23) | (505) | 5.46 (0.25) | ||
| Gender | 547 | ||||||
| Male | 8.0 (22) | 92.0 (242) | Ref | ||||
| Female | 7.1 (21) | 92.9 (262) | 1.14 | (0.60 to 2.20) | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 464 | (35) | 17.09 (2.5) | (429) | 16.59 (1.6) | 0.85 | (0.71 to 1.03)^ |
| BMI (IOTF) | 464 | ||||||
| Obese | 16.7 (5) | 83.3 (25) | Ref | ||||
| Overweight/normal | 6.9 (30) | 93.1 (404) | 2.69 | (0.96 to 7.54)^ | |||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 462 | (35) | 57.01 (6.8) | (427) | 55.88 (4.3) | 0.95 | (0.88 to 1.02)† |
| Height (cm) | 464 | (35) | 111.6 (5.6) | (429) | 112.1 (4.8) | 1.02 | (0.95 to 1.10) |
| Breast feeding | 528 | ||||||
| Not breast fed | 6.5 (16) | 93.5 (229) | Ref | ||||
| Breast fed | 8.8 (25) | 91.2 (258) | 0.72 | (0.38 to 1.38) | |||
| Energy (kcal) | 547 | ||||||
| Quintile 5 (>1794) | 10 (11) | 90.0 (99) | Ref | ||||
| Quintile 1–4 | 7.1 (31) | 92.9 (406) | 1.46 | (0.71 to 3.00) | |||
| Fats (g) | 547 | ||||||
| Quintile 5 (>62.9) | 12.8 (14) | 87.2 (95) | Ref | ||||
| Quintile 1–4 | 6.4 (28) | 93.6 (410) | 2.16 | (1.09 to 4.26)* | |||
| Top food group (servings/day) | 547 | ||||||
| Quintile 5 (>6.47) | 10.9 (12) | 89.1 (98) | Ref | ||||
| Quintile 1–4 | 6.9 (30) | 93.1 (407) | 1.66 | (0.82 to 3.36)† | |||
| Fruits veg food group (servings/day) | 547 | ||||||
| Quintile 1 (<2.1) | 12.8 (14) | 87.2 (95) | Ref | ||||
| Quintile 2–5 | 6.4 (28) | 93.6 (410) | 2.16 | (1.09 to 4.26)* | |||
| Family Characteristics | |||||||
| Household weekly income | 509 | ||||||
| Less than €760 | 13.3 (26) | 86.7 (170) | Ref | ||||
| More than €760 | 4.8 (15) | 95.2 (298) | 3.04 | (1.57 to 5.90)** | |||
| Entitlement to general medical card | 532 | ||||||
| Entitled | 13 (12) | 87.0 (80) | Ref | ||||
| Not entitled | 6.6 (29) | 93.4 (411) | 2.13 | (1.04 to 4.34)* | |||
| Fathers’ participation | 547 | ||||||
| No | 9.7 (31) | 90.3 (290) | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 4.9 (11) | 95.1 (215) | 2.09 | (1.03 to 4.25)* | |||
| Marital status | 542 | ||||||
| Others | 11.4 (5) | 88.6 (39) | Ref | ||||
| Married/cohabiting | 7.2 (36) | 92.8 (462) | 1.65 | (0.61 to 4.43) | |||
| Elder children in family (parity) | 535 | ||||||
| Nullipara | 8 (18) | 92.0 (207) | Ref | ||||
| Multipara | 7.7 (24) | 92.3 (286) | 1.04 | (0.55 to 1.96) | |||
| Support from spouse/partner | 538 | ||||||
| Lesser support | 12.9 (17) | 87.1 (115) | Ref | ||||
| More support | 6.2 (25) | 93.8 (381) | 2.25 | (1.18 to 4.32)* | |||
| Support from parents | 487 | ||||||
| Lesser support | 12.5 (12) | 87.5 (84) | Ref | ||||
| More support | 6.6 (26) | 93.4 (365) | 2.01 | (0.97 to 4.14)^ | |||
| Support from children | 532 | ||||||
| Lesser support | 10.6 (20) | 89.4 (169) | Ref | ||||
| More support | 5.8 (20) | 94.2 (323) | 1.91 | (1.00 to 3.65)* | |||
| Support from close relatives | 510 | ||||||
| Lesser support | 12.4 (19) | 87.6 (134) | Ref | ||||
| More support | 6.2 (22) | 93.8 (335) | 2.16 | (1.13 to 4.12)* | |||
| Maternal characteristics | |||||||
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 475 | (36) | 23.3 (3.3) | (439) | 23.8 (3.9) | 1.04 | (0.94 to 1.14) |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (WHO cut-offs) | |||||||
| Obese | 2.6 (1) | 97.4 (38) | Ref | ||||
| Overweight/normal | 8 (35) | 92.0 (401) | 0.30 | (0.04 to 2.26) | |||
| Mother’s age (years) | 546 | (42) | 36.5 (6.3) | (504) | 37.1 (5.3) | 1.02 | (0.96 to 1.08) |
| BMI at 5-year follow-up (kg/m2) | 432 | 25.6 (3.9) | 26.3 (5.0) | 1.03 | (0.95 to 1.12) | ||
| BMI at 5-year follow-up (WHO cut-offs) | 432 | ||||||
| Obese | 7.2 (5) | 92.8 (64) | Ref | ||||
| Overweight/normal | 7.4 (27) | 92.6 (336) | 0.97 | (0.36 to 2.62) | |||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 434 | (31) | 85.3 (10.6) | (403) | 87.6 (11.9) | 1.02 | (0.99 to 1.05) |
| Height (cm) | 454 | (33) | 161.9 (6.8) | (421) | 162.9 (6.0) | 1.03 | (0.97 to 1.09) |
| Smoking in pregnancy | 534 | ||||||
| Smoker | 8.1 (8) | 91.9 (91) | Ref | ||||
| Non-smoker | 7.6 (33) | 92.4 (402) | 1.07 | (0.48 to 2.4) | |||
| Smoking at 5-year follow-up | 541 | ||||||
| Smoker | 7.6 (9) | 92.4 (110) | Ref | ||||
| Non-smoker | 7.6 (32) | 92.4 (390) | 1.0 | (0.46 to 2.15) | |||
| Energy (kcal) | 546 | ||||||
| Quintile 5 (>2570.9) | 13 (14) | 87.0 (94) | Ref | ||||
| Quintile 1–4 | 6.4 (28) | 93.6 (410) | 2.18 | (1.11 to 4.30)* | |||
| Fats (g) | 546 | ||||||
| Quintile 5 (>106) | 11 (12) | 89.0 (97) | Ref | ||||
| Quintile 1–4 | 6.9 (30) | 93.1 (407) | 1.68 | (0.83 to 3.40)† | |||
| Top food group (servings/day) | 545 | ||||||
| Quintile 5 (>8.35) | 11 (12) | 89.0 (97) | Ref | ||||
| Quintile 1–4 | 6.9 (30) | 93.1 (406) | 1.67 | (0.83 to 3.39)† | |||
| Fruits veg food group (servings/day) | 546 | ||||||
| Quintile 1 (<4.5) | 9.1 (10) | 90.9 (100) | Ref | ||||
| Quintile 2–5 | 7.3 (32) | 92.7 (404) | 1.26 | (0.60 to 2.65) | |||
| Education level | 534 | ||||||
| Lower | 10.4 (25) | 89.6 (215) | Ref | ||||
| Third level | 5.8 (17) | 94.2 (277) | 1.90 | (1.00 to 3.60)* | |||
| Employment | 545 | ||||||
| Not earning | 6.4 (15) | 93.6 (221) | Ref | ||||
| Employed | 9 (22) | 91.0 (222) | 0.69 | (0.35 to 1.36) | |||
| Self-employed | 7.7 (5) | 92.3 (60) | 0.81 | (0.29 to 2.33) | |||
| Self-reported health | 546 | ||||||
| Relatively negative | 17.1 (27) | 82.9 (131) | Ref | ||||
| Relatively positive | 3.9 (15) | 96.1 (373) | 5.10 | (2.64 to 9.93)** | |||
| Paternal characteristics | |||||||
| BMI at 5-year follow-up (kg/m2) | 66 | (4) | 28.4 (5.5) | (62) | 27.9 (4.1) | 0.97 | (0.76 to 1.23) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 65 | (3) | 94.9 (7.6) | (62) | 95.9 (1.3) | 1.01 | (0.90 to 1.13) |
| Height (cm) | 66 | (4) | 175.2 (2.0) | (62) | 175.5 (8.0) | 1.01 | (0.88 to 1.15) |
| Smoking at 5-year follow-up | 521 | ||||||
| Smoker | 11.5 (16) | 88.5 (123) | Ref | ||||
| Non-smoker | 5.5 (21) | 94.5 (361) | 2.24 | (1.13 to 4.42)* | |||
| Education level | 514 | ||||||
| Lower | 11.1 (16) | 88.9 (128) | Ref | ||||
| Third level | 6.2 (23) | 93.8 (347) | 1.89 | (0.97 to 3.68)^ | |||
| Employment | 518 | ||||||
| Not earning | 9.2 (8) | 90.8 (79) | Ref | ||||
| Employed | 7.9 (24) | 92.1 (279) | 1.18 | (0.51 to 2.72) | |||
| Self-employed | 3.9 (5) | 96.1 (123) | 2.49 | (0.79 to 7.89)† | |||
| Self-reported health | 510 | ||||||
| Relatively negative | 12.6 (20) | 87.4 (139) | Ref | ||||
| Relatively positive | 4.6 (16) | 95.4 (335) | 3.01 | (1.52 to 5.99)** | |||
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ^p<0.1, †p<0.2.
BMI, body mass index; IOTF, International Obesity Task Force; Ref, reference category (OR=1); PRH, parent-rated health.