Table 2.

A Summary of Mesenchymal Stem Cell–Microbial Interaction Outcomes

Outcome of MSC-microbe interaction	Pathogenic organism model (ST)	Probiotic organism model (LB)
Adherence vs. invasion	Invasion	Adherence
Viability	Did not induce cell death	Did not induce cell death
Proliferation rate	Not affected	Not affected
Migration	Inhibited	Not affected
CD54 expression	Increased	Not affected
APC phenotype shift	None	None
Immunomodulatory gene expression	++++	+
Immunomodulatory factor secretion	++++	+
Inhibition of T cell proliferation	Augmented	Not affected

APC, antigen presenting cell; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell.