Table 2. Immediate post-treatment assessment effect sizes, confidence intervals, and z-scores for nightmare frequency, sleep quality, and PTSD symptoms.
| Study | Within Treatment Group | Within Control Group | Between Treatment and Groups Control | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||
| ES | 95% CI | z | ES | 95% CI | z | ES | 95% CI | z | |
|
|
|||||||||
| Nightmare Frequency | |||||||||
|
|
|||||||||
| Cook et al. (2010) | 0.29 | 0.04-0.55 | 2.26 | 0.14 | -0.07-0.36 | 1.29 | 0.07 | -0.26-0.40 | 0.43 |
| Davis et al. (2011) | 0.64 | 0.19-1.09 | 2.81 | 0.01 | -0.35-0.38 | 0.07 | 0.64 | 0.08-1.19 | 2.23 |
| Davis & Wright (2007) | 0.80 | 0.34-1.27 | 3.38 | 0.26 | -0.14-0.67 | 1.27 | 0.41 | -0.16-0.98 | 1.42 |
| Forbes et al. (2003) | 0.73 | 0.17-1.29 | 2.54 | ||||||
| Krakow, Hollifield, et al. (2000) | 1.12 | 0.78-1.46 | 6.53 | 0.03 | -0.19-0.26 | 0.30 | 1.01 | 0.65-1.37 | 5.53 |
| Krakow, Johnston, et al. (2001) | 0.74 | 0.50-0.97 | 6.13 | ||||||
| Krakow et al. (2002) | 0.84 | 0.39-1.29 | 3.66 | ||||||
| Long et al. (2011) | 1.33 | 0.90-1.77 | 6.01 | ||||||
| Lu et al. (2009) | 0.18 | -0.22-0.58 | 0.90 | ||||||
| Moore & Krakow (2007) | 0.54 | -0.01-1.09 | 1.92 | ||||||
| Nappi et al. (2010) | 0.47 | 0.07-0.87 | 2.32 | ||||||
| Swanson et al. (2009) | 0.57 | -0.02-1.15 | 1.91 | ||||||
| Ulmer et al. (2011) | 0.75 | 0.05-1.44 | 2.11 | -0.07 | -0.62-0.49 | -0.24 | 0.97 | 0.06-1.88 | 2.10 |
| Combined | 0.69 | 0.50-0.88 | 7.14 | 0.09 | -0.05-0.22 | 1.28 | 0.59 | 0.15-1.02 | 2.65 |
|
|
|||||||||
| Sleep Quality | |||||||||
|
|
|||||||||
| Cook et al. (2010) | 0.23 | -0.08-0.53 | 1.46 | 0.32 | 0.05-0.59 | 2.29 | -0.08 | -0.48-0.32 | -0.40 |
| Davis et al. (2011) | 1.44 | 0.77-2.12 | 4.19 | 0.11 | -0.35-0.58 | 0.48 | 1.24 | 0.51-1.97 | 3.31 |
| Davis & Wright (2007) | 0.92 | 0.37-1.47 | 3.27 | 0.36 | -0.14-0.86 | 1.40 | 0.56 | -0.13-1.25 | 1.60 |
| Krakow, Hollifield, et al. (2000) | 0.73 | 0.40-1.05 | 4.38 | 0.33 | 0.05-0.61 | 2.33 | 0.38 | -0.02-0.78 | 1.86 |
| Krakow, Johnston, et al. (2001) | 1.01 | 0.71-1.31 | 6.66 | ||||||
| Lu et al. (2009) | 0.27 | -0.22-0.77 | 1.09 | ||||||
| Nappi et al. (2010) | -0.31 | -0.79-0.17 | -1.26 | ||||||
| Swanson et al. (2009) | 0.83 | 0.14-1.53 | 2.34 | ||||||
| Ulmer et al. (2011) | 1.57 | 0.61-2.53 | 3.21 | -0.07 | -0.70 -0.56 | -0.22 | 1.78 | 0.66-2.90 | 3.11 |
| Combined | 0.68 | 0.34-1.03 | 3.86 | 0.28 | 0.11-0.44 | 3.31 | 0.64 | 0.10-1.18 | 2.33 |
|
|
|||||||||
| PTSD Symptoms | |||||||||
|
|
|||||||||
| Cook et al. (2010) | 0.47 | 0.19-0.76 | 3.28 | 0.35 | 0.11-0.59 | 2.90 | 0.16 | -0.19-0.51 | 0.87 |
| Davis et al. (2011) | 0.83 | 0.35-1.31 | 3.37 | 0.15 | -0.23-0.54 | 0.78 | 0.66 | 0.08-1.23 | 2.25 |
| Davis & Wright (2007) | 0.48 | 0.08-0.87 | 2.36 | -0.10 | -0.49-0.28 | -0.53 | 0.58 | 0.03-1.14 | 2.06 |
| Forbes et al. (2003) | 0.74 | 0.22-1.27 | 2.79 | ||||||
| Krakow, Hollifield, et al. (2000) | 1.20 | 0.85-1.56 | 6.71 | 0.28 | 0.05- 0.51 | 2.38 | 0.79 | 0.44-1.14 | 4.46 |
| Krakow, Johnston, et al. (2001) | 0.71 | 0.48-0.94 | 6.14 | ||||||
| Krakow et al. (2002) | 0.50 | 0.30-0.71 | 4.86 | ||||||
| Long et al. (2011) | 1.00 | 0.63-1.37 | 5.34 | ||||||
| Lu et al. (2009) | 0.13 | -0.25-0.52 | 0.68 | ||||||
| Moore & Krakow (2007) | 0.93 | 0.34-1.53 | 3.07 | ||||||
| Nappi et al. (2010) | 1.06 | 0.63-1.48 | 4.85 | ||||||
| Swanson et al. (2009) | 0.43 | -0.08-0.94 | 1.66 | ||||||
| Ulmer et al. (2011) | 1.38 | 0.57-2.20 | 3.35 | -0.27 | -0.78 -0.25 | -1.02 | 1.72 | 0.76-2.69 | 3.50 |
| Combined | 0.72 | 0.54-0.89 | 8.07 | 0.15 | -0.05-0.35 | 1.47 | 0.67 | 0.27-1.06 | 3.33 |
Note. Individual study effect sizes are standardized and unweighted. Combined values are based on random effects models. ES = effect size; CI = confidence interval; z = z-score.