Table 1. Baseline characteristics of participants in the six cohort studies (n = 10229).
| No. (%) of participants by study | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| ARIC [8] | MESA [12] | BMES [10,11] | AusDiab [34] | Funagata [14] | BDES [9] | |
| No. of baseline populationa | 4884 | 2303 | 626 | 425 | 306 | 1685 |
|
| ||||||
| No. of incident cases of hypertension during follow-up | 679 | 445 | 404 | 70 | 101 | 900 |
|
| ||||||
| Follow-up durations after retinal measurement, median (IQR) (years) | 2.9 (2.8–3.0) | 3.1 (2.9–3.3) | 5.0 (5.0–10.0) | 5.0 (4.9–5.1) | 5.0 (5.0–5.0) | 10.0 (5.0–20.0) |
|
| ||||||
| Year of baseline data collection | 1993–1995 | 2002–2004 | 1992–1994 | 1999–2000 | 2000–2002 | 1988–1990 |
|
| ||||||
| Year of most recent follow-up | 1996–1998 | 2006–2008 | 2002–2004 | 2004–2005 | 2005–2007 | 2008–2010 |
|
| ||||||
| No. of follow-up visits | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
|
| ||||||
| Men | 2086 (42.7) | 1098 (47.7) | 286 (45.7) | 155 (36.5) | 123 (40.2) | 734 (43.6) |
|
| ||||||
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 4352 (89.1) | 1040 (45.2) | 626 (100) | 425 (100) | 0 | 1685 (100) |
| Black | 532 (10.9) | 437 (19.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Asian | 0 | 328 (14.2) | 0 | 0 | 306 (100) | 0 |
| Hispanic/others | 0 | 498 (21.6) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|
| ||||||
| CRAE mean (SD) (μm) | 164.8 (16.6) | 146.5 (13.7) | 192.4 (16.9) | 181.9 (23.0) | 181.3 (20.6) | 152.9 (14.4) |
|
| ||||||
| CRVE mean (SD) (μm) | 192.3 (16.3) | 213.8 (20.9) | 227.1 (19.1) | 210.0 (22.5) | 214.6 (19.9) | 231.2 (22.2) |
|
| ||||||
| Age at baseline mean (SD) (years) | 58.8 (5.4) | 59.5 (9.2) | 60.9 (7.7) | 50.6 (11.6) | 54.8 (10.7) | 57.3 (9.7) |
|
| ||||||
| Age range (years) | 49–71 | 46–86 | 49–85 | 25–87 | 35–80 | 43–85 |
|
| ||||||
| Age group (years) | ||||||
| <60 | 3115 (63.8) | 1360 (59.1) | 325 (51.9) | 334 (78.6) | 206 (67.3) | 1090 (64.7) |
| 60–69 | 1648 (33.7) | 570 (24.8) | 216 (34.5) | 67 (15.8) | 71 (23.2) | 377 (22.4) |
| ≥70 | 121 (2.5) | 373 (16.2) | 85 (13.6) | 24 (5.6) | 29 (9.5) | 218 (13.0) |
|
| ||||||
| SBP mean (SD) (mmHg) | 114.3 (12.0) | 112.4 (12.8) | 125.0 (8.6) | 121.4 (10.9) | 116.9 (10.6) | 118.8 (11.1) |
|
| ||||||
| DBP mean (SD) (mmHg) | 68.5 (8.5) | 67.9 (8.7) | 76.8 (6.9) | 66.2 (9.7) | 71.3 (7.6) | 74.0 (8.1) |
|
| ||||||
| Prehypertension | 1610 (32.9) | 666 (28.9) | 422 (67.4) | 239 (56.2) | 115 (37.6) | 889 (52.8) |
|
| ||||||
| No. of blood pressure readings per visit | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 |
|
| ||||||
| Serum total cholesterol mean (SD) (mmol/l) | 5.3 (0.9) | 5.0 (0.9) | 6.0 (1.1) | 5.5 (1.1) | 5.1 (0.9) | 5.9 (1.1) |
|
| ||||||
| BMI mean (SD) (kg/m2) | 27.0 (4.6) | 27.2 (5.0) | 25.3 (3.7) | 26.69 (4.9) | 23.3 (3.0) | 27.6 (4.8) |
|
| ||||||
| BMI category | ||||||
| <25.0 | 1783 (36.5) | 850 (36.9) | 314 (50.6) | 184 (43.7) | 225 (73.5) | 541 (32.2) |
| 25.0–29.0 | 1752 (35.9) | 771 (33.5) | 226 (36.5) | 122 (29.0) | 71 (23.2) | 591 (35.2) |
| ≥30.0 | 1349 (27.6) | 682 (29.6) | 80 (12.9) | 115 (27.3) | 10 (3.3) | 549 (32.7) |
|
| ||||||
| Current smoker | 886 (18.1) | 350 (15.2) | 89 (14.2) | 49 (11.5) | 58 (19.0) | 400 (23.7) |
ARIC, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities; AusDiab, Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle; BDES, Beaver Dam Eye Study; BMES, Blue Mountains Eye Study; IQR, interquartile range; MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.
a
No history of hypertension, diabetes or cardiovascular disease, retinal vascular caliber available at baseline, and follow-up data available.