Table 2.

PD-associated proteins involved in Mn-induced toxicity.

PD-associated proteins	Cellular activity	Roles in Mn toxicity
ATP13A2	Inorganic cation transporter	Importing extracellular Mn into cytoplasm
DAT	DA transporter	Importing extracellular Mn into cytoplasm
Parkin	E3 ubiquitin ligase	Enhancing Mn accumulation when mutated
DJ-1	Antioxidant peptidase	Enhancing Mn accumulation when mutated
α-synuclein	Presynaptic protein in synaptic vesicle trafficking and recycling	Reducing Mn accumulation in parkin and DJ-1 mutants
UCH-L1	Ubiquitin ligase	Unknown
NURR1	Transcription factor	Unknown
PINK1	Serine/threonine kinase	Unknown
LRRK2	Protein kinase	Unknown