Figure 1.

BBB disruption in PD. During PD development, increased ROS production leads to the accumulation of α-synuclein in DAneurons, and this is accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction and increased neuronal death. Concurrently, astrocyte and microglia became activated, promoting cytokine release, which in turn affects endothelial tight junctions, pericyte phenotype and BBB permeability.