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ER stress and UPR. Upper panel—the three transmembrane receptor proteins that are responsible for triggering UPR in cells experiencing ER stress. Lower panel—induction of asns transcription through the PERK/eIF2/ATF4 pathway. During UPR, PERK phosphorylates elf2α, which in turn elevates the translation of the transcription factor ATF4. ATF4 upregulates the transcription of several genes including that of asns.
