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. 2014 Aug 4;8:133. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00133

Table 2.

Examples of species frequently used for learning and memory studies in which sleep or circadian modulation of memory has also been examined.

Organism Learning Paradigm Type of Modulation Reference
Phylum Mollusca Aplysia Sensitization Circadian modulation of intermediate and long-term memory formation, peak memory during the day (Fernandez et al., 2003; Lyons et al., 2006a,b, 2008)
Operant conditioning—feeding behavior Circadian modulation of intermediate and long-term memory formation, peak memory during the day for diurnal A. californica. Peak long-term memory at night for nocturnal species (Lyons et al., 2005, 2006b; Michel et al., 2013)
Habituation, Classical Conditioning Not Examined Reviewed in Kandel (2001)
Lymnaea stagnalis (pond snail) Conditioned taste aversion Diurnal modulation; peak learning in early morning (Wagatsuma et al., 2004; Stephenson and Lewis, 2011)
Octopus Avoidance learning, Touch Discrimination, long-term potentiation Not Examined (Wells, 1965; Wells and Young, 1965; Hochner et al., 2003; Shomrat et al., 2008; Hochner, 2010)
Sepia (Cuttlefish) Spatial memory, associative memory Not Examined (Duntley et al., 2002; Alves et al., 2007; Frank et al., 2012; Cartron et al., 2013)
Phylum Arthropoda Drosophila melanogaster (fruitfly) Aversive phototactic suppression Sleep deprivation affects short and long-term memory (Seugnet et al., 2009, 2011)
Courtship Conditioning Sleep deprivation impacts long-term memory; increased sleep enhances long-term memory (Ganguly-Fitzgerald et al., 2006; Donlea et al., 2011)
Olfactory memory Circadian and diurnal modulation of short and long-term memory (Lyons and Roman, 2008; Fropf et al., 2014)
Sleep deprivation affects short-term memory and long-term memory (Li et al., 2009; Le Glou et al., 2012)
Place preference Decreased sleep impairs memory (Bushey et al., 2007)
Apis mellifera (honeybee) Olfactory memory Diurnal and circadian modulation of memory; Sleep deprivation affects extinction learning (Hussaini et al., 2009; Lehmann et al., 2011)
Spatial memory Sleep deprivation affects memory consolidation (Moore and Doherty, 2009; Moore et al., 2011; Beyaert et al., 2012)
Leucophaea maderae (cockroach) Olfactory memory Circadian regulation of short and long-term memory; stage of modulation varies between classical and operant paradigms (Tobler, 1983; Tobler and Neuner-Jehle, 1992; Decker et al., 2007; Garren et al., 2013)
Manduca sexta (hawkmoth) Olfactory memory Diurnal regulation of short and intermediate-term memory (Gage et al., 2013; Gage and Nighorn, 2014)
Chasmagnathus (crab) Habituation Non-24 h intervals between training and testing impair long-term memory (Pereyra et al., 1996)