Table 2.
Examples of species frequently used for learning and memory studies in which sleep or circadian modulation of memory has also been examined.
| Organism | Learning Paradigm | Type of Modulation | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phylum Mollusca | Aplysia | Sensitization | Circadian modulation of intermediate and long-term memory formation, peak memory during the day | (Fernandez et al., 2003; Lyons et al., 2006a,b, 2008) |
| Operant conditioning—feeding behavior | Circadian modulation of intermediate and long-term memory formation, peak memory during the day for diurnal A. californica. Peak long-term memory at night for nocturnal species | (Lyons et al., 2005, 2006b; Michel et al., 2013) | ||
| Habituation, Classical Conditioning | Not Examined | Reviewed in Kandel (2001) | ||
| Lymnaea stagnalis (pond snail) | Conditioned taste aversion | Diurnal modulation; peak learning in early morning | (Wagatsuma et al., 2004; Stephenson and Lewis, 2011) | |
| Octopus | Avoidance learning, Touch Discrimination, long-term potentiation | Not Examined | (Wells, 1965; Wells and Young, 1965; Hochner et al., 2003; Shomrat et al., 2008; Hochner, 2010) | |
| Sepia (Cuttlefish) | Spatial memory, associative memory | Not Examined | (Duntley et al., 2002; Alves et al., 2007; Frank et al., 2012; Cartron et al., 2013) | |
| Phylum Arthropoda | Drosophila melanogaster (fruitfly) | Aversive phototactic suppression | Sleep deprivation affects short and long-term memory | (Seugnet et al., 2009, 2011) |
| Courtship Conditioning | Sleep deprivation impacts long-term memory; increased sleep enhances long-term memory | (Ganguly-Fitzgerald et al., 2006; Donlea et al., 2011) | ||
| Olfactory memory | Circadian and diurnal modulation of short and long-term memory | (Lyons and Roman, 2008; Fropf et al., 2014) | ||
| Sleep deprivation affects short-term memory and long-term memory | (Li et al., 2009; Le Glou et al., 2012) | |||
| Place preference | Decreased sleep impairs memory | (Bushey et al., 2007) | ||
| Apis mellifera (honeybee) | Olfactory memory | Diurnal and circadian modulation of memory; Sleep deprivation affects extinction learning | (Hussaini et al., 2009; Lehmann et al., 2011) | |
| Spatial memory | Sleep deprivation affects memory consolidation | (Moore and Doherty, 2009; Moore et al., 2011; Beyaert et al., 2012) | ||
| Leucophaea maderae (cockroach) | Olfactory memory | Circadian regulation of short and long-term memory; stage of modulation varies between classical and operant paradigms | (Tobler, 1983; Tobler and Neuner-Jehle, 1992; Decker et al., 2007; Garren et al., 2013) | |
| Manduca sexta (hawkmoth) | Olfactory memory | Diurnal regulation of short and intermediate-term memory | (Gage et al., 2013; Gage and Nighorn, 2014) | |
| Chasmagnathus (crab) | Habituation | Non-24 h intervals between training and testing impair long-term memory | (Pereyra et al., 1996) |