| Patients with renal/kidney diseases and multiple sclerosis |
|
Hemodialysis patients with end-stage renal disease / [45, 132] |
300 mg αT or 300 mg γT-rich mixed toocpherols (60% γT, 28% δT and 10% αT), for 14 d, n=15 per group |
Supplementation of γT-rich mixed tocopherols decreased CRP and IL-6 in the plasma, whereas αT alone increased IL-6 without affecting CRP. |
|
Hemodialysis maintenance patients / randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled [133] |
308 mg γT plus 800 mg DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) (n=31) vs. placebo (n=30) for 4 and 8 wk |
Compared with placeboes, γT plus DHA decreased white blood cells, neutrophils and erythropoietin index as well as IL-6, but did not affect plasma CRP, F2-isoprostane or carbonyls. |
|
Patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing coronary procedures / prospective, double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial [134] |
350 mg αT, or 300 mg γT, or placebo (n=101–102 per group) for 5 days prior to coronary procedure and 2 days afterwards |
Prophylaxis administration with αT or γT decreased the risk of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in chronic kidney disease patients. |
|
Patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis / randomized, blind, placebo-controlled [135] |
A: n-3 (EPA+DHA)/n-6 fatty acids at 1:1 with αT (22mg); B: A plus γT (760mg); C: γT (760mg); placebo, for 30 months. n=20 per group |
The combination of n-3/n-6 (1:1) fatty acids and γT (B) significantly reduced relapse rate of multiple sclerosis by 64%, delayed disability progression by 72% and decreased the risk of the sustained progression disability by 85%. |
| Diabetic patients and CVD |
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Type 2 diabetic patients / double-blind, placebo-controlled [137, 138] |
500 mg of RRR-αT, or γT-rich mixed tocopherols (75mg αT, 315mg γT and 110mg δT), and placebo (n=18–19), for 6 wk. |
αT or γT-rich mixed tocopherols decreased plasma F2-isoprostane but increased blood pressure without affecting inflammation markers. γT-rich mixed tocopherols but not αT reduced LTB4 from stimulated neutrophils. |
|
Participants with metabolic syndromes / randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind trial [136] |
800 mg αT, or 800 mg γT, or their combination, or placebo (n=20 per group) for 6 wk |
The combination of αT and γT decreased CRP, nitrotyrosine and oxidation markers, while αT and γT alone showed partial benefits regarding these markers. |
| Healthy subjects |
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Healthy volunteers / platelet aggregation after tocopherol supplementation in placebo controlled study [140]. |
Mixed tocopherols (100mg γT, 40mg δT and 20mg αT) (n=18) or all-rac-αT acetate at 100mg (n=18), or placebo (n=10) for 8 wk |
Mixed tocopherols were better than αT in suppression of ADP-induced platelet aggregation and in induction of nitric oxide release and endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase, while showed similar effect on SOD and PKC. |
|
Healthy sedentary subjects in strenuous exercise / randomized placebo controlled [139] |
300 mg γT, or 400IU αT, every day or every other day for 6 wk (n=36) |
γT but not αT ameliorated exercise-induced decrease of APTT (activated partial thromboplastin time) and exercise-increased platelet aggregation induced by collagen. |
|
Healthy volunteers challenged by intranasal endotoxin (LPS) / double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled, crossover study [115] |
γT-enriched tocopherols (540, 50 and 240 mg of γT, αT, δT) twice a day for a week before endotoxin inhalation challenge (n=13) |
γT-rich tocopherols attenuated intranasal LPS-induced tissue infiltration and accumulation of airway neutrophils, reduced % eosinophils in sputum and neutralized LPS-induced increase of IL-β. |
|
Healthy men with oral glucose tolerance test following overnight fasting / randomized, crossover, single-blind design [142, 143] |
Mixed tocopherols (500mg γT, 60mg αT, 170mg δT and 9mg βT) daily for 5 days (n = 15) |
γT-rich tocopherols attenuated glucose-induced decrease of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, lipid peroxidation and disruption in NO homeostasis as well as dicarbonyl methylglyoxal. |
