Table 2.
Multivariate Model Describing the Cross-Sectional Association Between Baseline Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) Levels and Baseline Prefrail and Frailty Status
| Characteristic | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prefrail | Frail | Prefrail | Frail | Prefrail | Frail | Prefrail | Frail | |
| HbA1c | ||||||||
| <6.0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 6.0–6.4 | 0.81 (0.48–1.35) | 0.89 0.72–1.10 | 0.71 (0.42–1.23) | 0.85 (0.68–1.07) | 0.65 (0.38–1.13) | 0.79 (0.63–0.98) | 0.65 0.41–1.06 | 0.82 (0.66–1.02) |
| 6.5–6.9 | 3.01 (1.64–5.52) | 2.05 1.55–2.70 | 2.75 (1.43–5.28) | 1.96 (1.47–2.59) | 2.47 (1.32–4.64) | 1.72 (1.27–2.32) | 2.64 (1.47–4.73) | 1.81 (1.32–2.49) |
| 7.0–8.9 | 1.64 (0.76–3.52) | 2.22 (1.59–3.11) | 1.38 (0.64–2.97) | 1.89(1.32–2.69) | 1.31 (0.60–2.88) | 1.78 (1.19–2.64) | 1.15 (0.56–2.37) | 1.77 (1.17–2.67) |
| ≥9.0 | 4.59 (3.16–6.68) | 2.89 (2.22–3.76) | 4.47 (2.88–6.95) | 2.57 (1.99–3.32) | 4.40 (2.79–6.94) | 2.41 (1.85–3.12) | 3.80 (2.42–5.94) | 2.34 (1.80–3.04) |
| Age | 1.12 (1.09–1.15) | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 1.17 (1.01–1.57) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 1.13 (1.10–1.16) | 1.03 (1.10–1.05) | 1.16 (1.13–1.20) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) |
| Race | 1.04 (0.88–1.05) | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 1.07 (0.98–1.18) | 1.08 (1.02–1.16) | 1.11 (1.01–1.22) | 1.10 (1.03–1.17) | 1.07 (1.04–1.18) | 1.04 (0.97–1.11) |
| Education | 0.80 (0.78–0.82) | 0.87 (0.86–0.88) | 0.81 (0.79–0.83) | 0.88 (0.87–0.90) | 0.80 (0.78–0.82) | 0.88 (0.87–0.90) | 0.82 (0.80–0.84) | 0.89 (0.88–0.90) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||||||||
| 18.5–19.9 | 1.45 (0.95–2.22) | 2.04 (1.61–2.58) | 1.67(1.08–2.56) | 2.11 (1.67–2.67) | 1.94 1.24–3.05 | 2.26 1.77–2.87 | ||
| 20.0–24.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| 25.0–29.9 | 0.49 (0.39–0.60) | 1.33 (1.19–1.49) | 0.40 (0.32–0.50) | 1.21 (1.08–1.36) | 0.48 (0.38–0.61) | 1.25 (1.11–1.41) | ||
| ≥30.0 | 2.22 (1.83–2.70) | 2.57 (2.26–2.93) | 2.03 (1.66–2.48) | 2.36 (2.06–2.96) | 2.61 (2.12–3.21) | 2.53(2.21–3.90) | ||
| Interleukin-6 | 1.24 (1.21–1.27) | 1.18 (1.16–1.21) | 1.20 (1.17–1.23) | 1.15 1.12–1.17 | ||||
| OA | 1.33 (1.22–1.45) | 1.26 (1.19–1.34) | ||||||
| CAD | 1.69 (1.54–1.85) | 1.27 (1.19–1.34) | ||||||
| CHF | 2.47 (2.13–2.88) | 1.56 (1.39–1.75) | ||||||
| Depressive symptoms | 2.17 (1.90–2.46) | 1.37 (1.24–1.52) | ||||||
| COPD | 1.59 (1.45–1.75) | 1.25 (1.18–1.32) | ||||||
Prefrail and frail were jointly modeled using multinomial logistic regression; model was controlled for age, race, education level, interleukin-6, osteoarthritis (OA), coronary artery disease (CAD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), congestive heart failure (CHF), and depression. (Women with a body mass index (BMI) <18.5 kg/m2 were excluded, because BMI <18.5 kg/m2 is included in the definition of frailty.)