Table 4.
Differences between non-survivors and survivors
| Non-Survivors | Survivors | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Patients (n) |
11 |
71 |
|
|
ISS |
38 (41) |
22 (12) |
< 0.001* |
|
AIS Head |
5 (0) |
4 (2) |
< 0.001* |
|
AIS Face |
0 (2) |
0 (0) |
= 0.181 |
|
AIS Thorax |
2 (4) |
0 (3) |
= 0.487 |
|
AIS Abdomen |
0 (3) |
0 (0) |
= 0.337 |
|
AIS Extremities |
0 (3) |
0 (3) |
= 0.911 |
|
AIS Skin |
0 (0) |
0 (1) |
= 0.013* |
|
New ISS |
57 (28) |
26 (12) |
< 0.001* |
|
GCS |
3 (0) |
10 (10) |
< 0.001* |
|
RTS |
2.0 ± 2.7 |
6.5 ± 1.5 |
< 0.001* |
|
RISC |
74.7 ± 26.2 |
12.1 ± 21.4 |
< 0.001* |
|
TRISS |
0.2 ± 0.4 |
0.9 ± 0.2 |
< 0.001* |
|
Age |
7.3 ± 4.4 |
7.4 ± 5.1 |
= 0.951 |
|
SBP AS |
70 (115) |
110 (33) |
= 0.012* |
|
Heart rate AS |
55 (106) |
105 (30) |
= 0.010* |
|
Oxygen saturation (%) AS |
75 (196) |
95 (18) |
= 0.086 |
|
SBP TR |
80 (119) |
108 (32) |
= 0.048* |
|
Heart rate TR |
84 (137) |
106 (33) |
= 0.332 |
|
Oxygen saturation (%) TR |
98 (24) |
99 (2) |
= 0.216 |
|
Number of surgery |
2 (3) |
1 (2) |
= 0.352 |
|
Pre-hospital volume (ml) |
695.5 ± 735.0 |
794.3 ± 852.3 |
= 0.564 |
|
TR volume (ml) |
2073.9 ± 2289.6 |
739.9 ± 584.9 |
= 0.094 |
|
Total volume (ml) |
2923.9 ± 2963.1 |
1460.1 ± 1011.2 |
= 0.210 |
|
Hb (g/dl) |
8.6 ± 2.8 |
10.6 ± 1.8 |
= 0.014* |
|
Platelets (gpt/l) |
139.6 ± 72.1 |
257.9 ± 91.6 |
< 0.001* |
|
PTT (sec.) |
108.3 ± 48.9 |
27.8 ± 8.5 |
< 0.001* |
|
Prothrombin time (%) |
45.8 ± 23.3 |
82.4 ± 19.8 |
< 0.001* |
|
Base excess |
-4.9 ± 10.9 |
-4.9 ± 5.2 |
= 0.741 |
|
Lactate (mmol/l) |
13.1 ± 16.4 |
2.3 ± 3.8 |
= 0.021* |
|
Time from admission to CCT (min) |
33.2 ± 11.8 |
31.6 ± 11.4 |
= 0.722 |
|
Time from admission to whole-body CT (min) |
35.0 ± 12.0 |
29.4 ± 10.6 |
= 0.467 |
|
Time in TR (min) |
39.4 ± 23.1 |
51.7 ± 19.2 |
= 0.114 |
|
Preclinical rescue time (min) |
44.1 ± 16.5 |
42.9 ± 19.9 |
= 0.976 |
|
ICU stay (days) |
2 (3) |
5 (12) |
= 0.001* |
|
Hospital stay (days) |
2 (2) |
13 (16) |
< 0.001* |
|
Gender Male |
72.7% |
70.4% |
= 0.876 |
|
Rate of whole-body CT |
57.1% |
57.4% |
= 0.989 |
|
MOF |
85.7% |
23.2% |
= 0.001* |
|
Sepsis |
33.3% |
14.7% |
= 0.235 |
|
Intubation at AS |
100% |
61.4% |
= 0.012* |
|
Resuscitation at AS |
45.5% |
7.4% |
< 0.001* |
|
Thoracic drainage at AS |
0% |
5.9% |
= 0.455 |
|
Intubation/Re-intubation/Change to tracheal tube in TR |
55.6% |
43.9% |
= 0.511 |
|
Resuscitation in TR |
37.5% |
4.6% |
= 0.001* |
|
Thoracic drainage in TR |
25.0% |
4.6% |
= 0.029* |
|
Emergency Surgery |
75.0% |
30.9% |
= 0.014* |
|
Penetrating trauma |
0% |
0% |
|
| Suicide | 0% | 2.8% | = 0.573 |
Categorical variables are presented as median with the interquartile range in parentheses, continuous variables as means with ± standard deviation, and incidences as percentages; *significant differences; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; RTS, Revised Trauma Score; ISS, Injury Severity Score; RISC, Revised Injury Severity Classification; TRISS, Trauma and Injury Severity Score; AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; AS, Accident scene; TR, Trauma room; Hb, Hemoglobin; PTT, Partial Thromboplastin time; ICU, Intensive care unit; CCT, Cranial computed tomography; MOF, Multi-organ failure.