Figure 4.

IL-1β production in LPS-activated monocytes and mDCs. A–F, PBMCs were either unactivated or activated with purified LPS in the presence of brefeldin A and subsequently stained with fluorochrome-conjugated monoclonal antibodies directed against IL-1β and surface markers specific for monocytes (A–C) and mDCs (D–F). A, D, B, and E, Individual TLR4 responses from nonresponders (A and D) and responders (B and E) before and at various time points after therapy. C and F, Comparisons between IL-1β responses in monocytes (C) and mDCs (F) from AAT-treated subjects vs control untreated patients with T1D (n = 4–12 per group). The bars indicate the mean values. The P values were evaluated using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's multiple comparison.