Table 1. Productivity of withanolides in shake-flask culture and bioreactor by elicitor and precursor treatments in cell suspension of W. somnifera.
| Treatment (Shake-flask culture) | Dry weight (g) | Total withanolide A detected (mg) | Total withanolide B detected (mg) | Total withaferin A detected (mg) | Total withanone detected (mg) | Total 12-deoxy withanstramonolide detected (mg) | Total withanoside V detected (mg) | Total withanoside IV detected (mg) | Total withanolides detected (mg) |
| Control | 3.68±0.20e | 23.03 | 11.84 | 10.78 | 19.76 | 4.45 | 3.38 | 2.20 | 75.44 |
| Chitosan (100 mg/l) | 2.63±0.21f | 38.81 (1.69) | 24.56 (2.07) | 17.56 (1.62) | 32.27 (1.63) | 12.15 (2.73) | 9.52 (2.81) | 6.52 (2.96) | 141.39 (1.87) |
| Squalene (6 mM) | 2.94±0.27f | 25.37 (1.1) | 11.08 (−0.93) | 3.98 (−0.36) | 20.08 (1.01) | 7.11 (1.59) | 3.26 (−0.96) | 2.88 (1.30) | 73.76 (−0.97) |
| Squalene+Chitosan (6 mM+100 mg/l) | 2.15±0.29f | 37.88 (1.62) | 26.53 (2.24) | 20.94 (1.94) | 33.71 (1.70) | 15.67 (3.52) | 13.50 (3.99) | 12.59 (5.72) | 160.82 (2.13) |
| Treatment (Bioreactor culture) | |||||||||
| Control | 472.35±0.23a | 5800.45 | 2961.63 | 2494.00 | 3991.35 | 1643.77 | 1058.06 | 878.57 | 18827.83 |
| Chitosan (100 mg/l) | 337.39±0.21c | 7172.91 (1.23) | 3195.08 (1.07) | 3967.70 (1.59) | 5678.27 (1.42) | 2314.49 (1.40) | 1902.87 (1.79) | 1504.75 (1.71) | 25736.07 (1.36) |
| Squalene (6 mM) | 461.53±0.26b | 7273.71 (1.25) | 3179.94 (1.07) | 3392.24 (1.36) | 4467.61 (1.11) | 2021.50 (1.22) | 1513.81 (1.43) | 1001.52 (1.13) | 22850.33(1.21) |
| Squalene+Chitosan (6 mM+100 mg/l) | 276.71±0.27d | 7606.75 (1.31) | 4823.05 (1.62) | 3732.81 (1.49) | 6538.65 (1.63) | 3176.63 (1.93) | 2861.18 (2.70) | 2623.21 (2.98) | 31362.28 (1.66) |
For Shake-flask culture.
Initial inoculum – ∼500 mg cell mass for 30 ml MS medium.
For Bioreactor culture.
Initial inoculum – ∼83 g FW cell mass for 5 l MS medium.
Data were recorded on 28th day of culture for both the experiments.
Values represent the mean ± standard error of three experiments. Mean values followed by the same letters within a column are not significantly different according to Duncan's multiple range test at 5% level.