Effect of gene disruption on the ability of H. pylori to resist acid shock (A to C) and long-term acid exposure (D to F) in the presence of variable amounts of urea (a, b, c, d, and e correspond to 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mM urea, respectively). (A and D) wild type; (B and E) flaA1::kan; (C and F) wbpB::kan.