Table 2.
Relative socioeconomic inequalities (percent change, adjusted for age and gender) for (a) body build, (b) cardiovascular outcomes and (c) child development, among US-born Black and White non-Hispanic Americans, from National Health Examination Survey I (1959–62) through National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2005–08
| Inequality | Percent change: beta (95% CI) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (a) Body build | Body mass index (kg/m2; adult 25–74) |
Waist circumference (cm; adult 25–74) |
||||||
| Family income percentile (<20th vs ≥80th) |
Educational level (<4 yrs vs ≥4 yrs college) |
Family income percentile (<20th vs ≥80th) |
Educational level (<4 yrs vs ≥4 yrs college) |
|||||
| Black | White | Black | White | Black | White | Black | White | |
| NHES I (1959–62) | −5.5 (−14.5, 3.6) | −0.2 (−2.3, 1.9) | 2.8 (−5.0, 10.6) | 2.2 (0.5, 4.0) | −1.1 (−7.8, 5.6) | 0.8 (−0.5, 2.1) | 4.3 (0.6, 8.0) | 1.7 (0.7, 2.7) |
| NHES II (1963–65) | ||||||||
| NHES III (1966–70) | ||||||||
| NHANES I (1971–75) | 0.4 (−11.0, 11.9) | 1.1 (−1.2, 3.4) | 15.5 (9.8, 21.1) | 3.0 (1.4, 4.6) | ||||
| NHANES II (1976–80) | −1.0 (−11.1, 9.2) | 2.7 (0.6, 4.9) | 2.2 (1.0, 3.5) | 4.8 (3.3, 6.2) | ||||
| NHANES III (1998–94) | −1.7 (−4.1, 0.7) | 3.4 (0.5, 6.2) | 2.3 (−0.4, 4.9) | 5.7 (3.8, 7.6) | −0.3 (−1.8, 1.2) | 3.3 (1.3, 5.3) | 2.0 (0.1, 3.8) | 3.6 (2.5, 4.7) |
| NHANES 1999–2004 | 0.4 (−3.9, 4.7) | 3.7 (1.0, 6.4) | 4.5 (1.0, 8.1) | 4.4 (2.6, 6.2) | 0.4 (−2.5, 3.3) | 3.7 (1.9, 5.4) | 2.6 (0.2, 5.1) | 2.8 (1.7, 3.9) |
| NHANES 2005–08 | 0.5 (−2.5, 3.4) | 2.9 (−0.0, 5.8) | 3.8 (0.3, 7.2) | 6.4 (4.6, 8.2) | 1.4 (−0.7, 3.6) | 2.1 (0.2, 4.0) | 2.8 (0. 9, 4.7) | 4.4 (3.3, 5.4) |
| (b) Cardiovascular outcomes | Systolic blood pressure (mmHg; adult 25–74) |
Serum cholesterol (mg/dl; adult 25–74) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family income percentile (<20th vs ≥80th) |
Educational level (<4 yrs vs ≥4 yrs college) |
Family income percentile (<20th vs ≥80th) |
Educational level (<4 yrs vs ≥4 yrs college) |
|||||
| Black | White | Black | White | Black | White | Black | White | |
| NHES I (1959–62) | 6.3 (−1.8, 14.4) | 4.3 (1.6, 7.0) | −0.8 (−9.0, 7.3) | 3.2 (0.9, 5.5) | −4.5 (−15.4, 6.4) | −5.1 (−8.6, −1.5) | 2.6 (−7.6, 12.8) | −3.0 (−6.4, 0.4) |
| NHES II (1963–65) | ||||||||
| NHES III (1966–70) | ||||||||
| NHANES I (1971–75) | 7.3 (0.5, 14.0) | 5.6 (3.4, 7.8) | −2.4 (−6.8, 2.1) | 2.2 (0.3, 4.1) | −4.8 (−15.9, 6.4) | −4.1 (−8.0, −1.6) | 2.7 (−5.0, 10.5) | 1.9 (−1.0, 4.9) |
| NHANES II (1976–80) | −2.3 (−8.0, 3.4) | 3.2 (1.3, 5.2) | 3.1 (1.7, 4.5) | 2.1 (0.6, 3.6) | −6.1 (−19.7, 7.6) | −4.4 (−7.4, −1.3) | −4.8 (−13.2, 3.7) | 1.1 (−0.8, 3.1) |
| NHANES III (1998–94) | 2.0 (0.2, 3.7) | 2.2 (0.5, 3.8) | 2.7 (0.9, 4.4) | 2.8 (1.7, 3.8) | 0.8 (−3.2, 4.8) | −0.2 (−3.7, 3.2) | 1.5 (−1.5, 4.5) | 2.4 (−0.2, 5.1) |
| NHANES 1999–2004 | 3.4 (0.2, 6.5) | 3.2 (1.8, 4.6) | 3.0 (0.9, 5.0) | 2.2 (1.1, 3.3) | 0.3 (−3.1, 3.6) | 2.0 (0.2, 3.9) | −1.8 (−5.8, 2.1) | 2.4 (0.7, 4.0) |
| NHANES 2005–08 | 4.7 (1.5, 7.8) | 4.2 (2.8, 5.7) | 4.3 (2.4, 6.2) | 3.6 (2. 7, 4.5) | −0.3 (−4.1, 3.5) | 0.6 (−1.8, 3.0) | 1.4 (−2.0, 4.8) | 0.8 (−1.1, 2.7) |
| (c) Child development | Pre-pubertal childhood height (ages 6–8) |
Age at menarche (adolescent recall; girls only) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family income percentile (<20th vs ≥80th) |
Educational level (<4 yrs vs ≥4 yrs college) |
Family income percentile (<20thvs ≥80th) |
Educational level (<4 yrs vs ≥4 yrs college) |
|||||
| Black | White | Black | White | Black | White | Black | White | |
| NHES I (1959–62) | ||||||||
| NHES II (1963–65) | −4.0 (−7. 6, −0.5) | −3.4 (−4.7, −2.2) | ||||||
| NHES III (1966–70) | 1.5 (−19.6, 22.6) | 0.1 (−19.4, 19.7) | ||||||
| NHANES I (1971–75) | −4.0 (−7.2, −0.8) | −0.2 (−2.6, 2.2) | 18.4 (−13.1, 49.9) | 0.3 (−18.1, 18.6) | ||||
| NHANES II (1976–80) | −6.0 (−7.7, −4.3) | −2.6 (−4.8, −0.3) | 6.6 (−14.8, 27.9) | −1.9 (−20.9, 17.0) | ||||
| NHANES III (1998–94) | −1.5 (−4.5, 1.5) | −1.8 (−4.1, 0.5) | 6.3 (−21.1, 33.8) | −6.8 (−27.5, 13.9) | ||||
| NHANES 1999–2004 | −0.3 (−2.4, 1.8) | −1.7 (−4.1, 0.7) | 3.0 (−20.5, 26.5) | −4.1 (−21.6, 13.3) | ||||
| NHANES 2005–08 | 0.1 (−2.0, 2.2) | −1.3 (−3.3, 0.7) | 1.8 (−19.4, 23.0) | −5.6 (−23.8, 12.6) | ||||
Bold entries denote parameter estimates whose 95% CI excludes 0.