Table 3.
Associations between mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in different subgroups
| Cause of death |
HR (95% CI), by MUAC (cm) quartilesa |
HR (95% CI) per 1 cm increase ACb | P for trendb | p for interactionc | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <22 | 22–23.4 (Ref.) | 23.5–25.4 | ≥25.5 | ||||
| All-cause death | |||||||
| Number of cases | 242 | 212 | 138 | 152 | 744 | ||
| <36 yrs of age | 1.20 (0.75, 1.93) | Ref. | 0.63 (0.36, 1.11) | 1.03 (0.50, 2.09) | 0.87 (0.76, 0.99) | 0.0325 | 0.0624 |
| ≥36 yrs of age | 1.37 (1.10, 1.70) | Ref. | 0.65 (0.51, 0.83) | 0.74 (0.55, 1.01) | 0.85 (0.80, 0.90) | <.0001 | |
| Smoker | 1.45 (1.14, 1.85) | Ref. | 0.61 (0.46, 0.81) | 0.78 (0.55, 1.11) | 0.83 (0.78, 0.89) | <.0001 | 0.5991 |
| Nonsmoker | 1.17 (0.82, 1.66) | Ref. | 0.68 (0.47, 0.99) | 0.71 (0.45, 1.14) | 0.86 (0.79, 0.94) | 0.0011 | |
| Men | 1.51 (1.19, 1.92) | Ref. | 0.63 (0.48, 0.82) | 0.77 (0.55, 1.07) | 0.84 (0.79, 0.90) | <.0001 | 0.2658 |
| Women | 1.06 (0.75, 1.49) | Ref. | 0.69 (0.46, 1.04) | 0.72 (0.42, 1.23) | 0.84 (0.77, 0.93) | 0.0003 | |
| Excluding baseline CVD | 1.36 (1.11, 1.66) | Ref. | 0.63 (0.50, 0.80) | 0.74 (0.56, 0.99) | 0.84 (0.80, 0.88) | <.0001 | |
| Excluding first 2 years’ deaths | 1.30 (1.04, 1.62) | Ref. | 0.64 (0.50, 0.82) | 0.81 (0.60, 1.11) | 0.87 (0.82, 0.92) | <.0001 | |
| CVD death | |||||||
| Number of cases | 84 | 80 | 64 | 84 | 312 | ||
| <36 yrs of age | 1.26 (0.53, 2.99) | Ref. | 0.36 (0.12, 1.04) | 0.38 (0.10, 1.45) | 0.75 (0.62, 0.91) | 0.0039 | 0.0183 |
| ≥36 yrs of age | 1.37 (0.97, 1.95) | Ref. | 0.75 (0.52, 1.08) | 0.86 (0.56, 1.32) | 0.88 (0.82, 0.96) | 0.0025 | |
| Smoker | 1.46 (0.99, 2.17) | Ref. | 0.73 (0.48, 1.10) | 0.81 (0.49, 1.34) | 0.85 (0.78, 0.93) | 0.0006 | 0.4497 |
| Nonsmoker | 1.18 (0.66, 2.09) | Ref. | 0.57 (0.31, 1.05) | 0.67 (0.33, 1.37) | 0.88 (0.76, 1.01) | 0.0646 | |
| Men | 1.43 (0.97, 2.10) | Ref. | 0.71 (0.48, 1.05) | 0.80 (0.50, 1.26) | 0.87 (0.80, 0.94) | 0.0009 | 0.0167 |
| Women | 1.10 (0.60, 2.01) | Ref. | 0.61 (0.30, 1.24) | 0.60 (0.24, 1.51) | 0.84 (0.71, 0.98) | 0.0312 | |
| Excluding baseline CVD | 1.36 (0.97, 1.89) | Ref. | 0.70 (0.49, 0.99) | 0.76 (0.50, 1.16) | 0.86 (0.80, 0.93) | 0.0002 | |
| Excluding first 2 years’ deaths | 1.40 (0.99, 1.98) | Ref. | 0.64 (0.44, 0.94) | 0.82 (0.53, 1.28) | 0.88 (0.81, 0.95) | 0.0018 | |
aHRs were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, education level, betel use and baseline SBP level except for categorical stratifying variables.
bHRs and P-values calculated with arm circumference as a continuous variable.
cP-value for interaction was calculated by including a cross-product term of age/sex/smoking and MUAC.