Fig. 6.

APOL1 risk variants increase podocyte lysosomal membrane permeability. A–G: human podocytes were transduced with the lentivirus (titrated as 0.8 pg HIV p24 protein/cell) for 3 h and were cultured in fresh medium for 48 h. LysoTrack red (A and B) and Lucifer yellow (A and C) staining was performed. Cathepsin L activity (D and E) was detected with a Magic Red Cathepsin L kit. F-actin (F and G) was detected with Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated phalloidin. Images were captured with a confocal fluorescence microscope, and representative microphotographs were selected (A, D, and F). Scale bars = 10, 20, and 100 μm for A, D, and F, respectively. The average fluorescence intensity was measured per region of interest (ROI) for each group (B, C, E, and G). H and I. human podocytes were transduced with the lentivirus (titrated as 0.4 pg HIV p24 protein/cell) for 3 h and were cultured in 1% serum medium with or without 100 μM DIDS for 72 h. Then, swollen cells (H) and living cells (I) were counted. *P < 0.05 compared with vector. #P < 0.05 compared with control.