Figure 1. Schematic of multifunctional MES direct-writing process.

(a) Experimental setup and mechanism of MES direct-writing process. (b) Broken-down steps of MES direct-writing: ink is first filled in the nozzle and a drop forms at the end of the nozzle; when voltage is applied, the end drop is jetted from the nozzle and a Taylor cone is formed; when substrate starts to move, a fine ‘jet chord’ is formed between the meniscus and the contact point on the substrate. (c) Three modes of MES direct-writing process: the mapped direct-writing of straight structures, helix direct-writing of serpentine structures, and leap direct-writing of bead-on-string structure.