12-lead ECG RR estimation. A: absolute error (means ± SD) at tidal volumes of 500 and 750 ml, averaged across all animals. The accuracy was 100%, with no missed detections. B: estimated vs. true RR employing either nonrounded (●) or rounded (■) RR estimates (means ± SD), compiled across all animals and tidal volumes. The rounded respiration estimates closely track the true RR, with a goodness-of-fit R2 statistic of 0.93. C: most-used lead configurations, by percent. The pairing of ECGIII and V5 was the most commonly selected pairing, accounting for 19.6% of all optimized lead pairings.