Table 4.
Biosynthetic enzymes of HS and heparin chains.
| Enzymes (activity) |
Coding genes (synonym) |
Chromosomal location | mRNA accession number | MIM number | Human genetic disorders | Clinical features | References for the human diseases | References for the knockout mice |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exostosin (GlcA and GlcNAc transferases) |
EXT1 | 8q24.11 | NM_000127 | 133700 215300 608177 |
Exostoses multiple type 1 Chondrosarcoma | The formation of cartilage-capped tumors (exostoses) that develop from the growth plate of endochondral bones, especially of long bones. | [118] | [119–135] |
| EXT2 | 11p12-p11 | NM_000401 | 133701 608210 |
Exostoses multiple type 2 | Same as above. | [118] | [136] | |
|
| ||||||||
| Exostosin-like 2 (GlcNAc transferase-I) |
EXTL2 | 1p21 | NM_001439 | 602411 | — | — | — | [137, 138] |
|
| ||||||||
| Exostosin-like 1 (GlcNAc transferase-II) |
EXTL1 | 1p36.1 | NM_004455 | 601738 | — | — | — | — |
|
| ||||||||
| Exostosin-like 3 (GlcNAc transferase-I and -II) |
EXTL3 | 8p21 | NM_001440 | 605744 | — | — | — | [139] |
|
| ||||||||
| GlcNAc N-deacetylase and N-sulfotransferase |
NDST1 | 5q33.1 | NM_001543 | 600858 | — | — | — | [140–164] |
| NDST2 | 10q22 | NM_003635 | 603268 | — | — | — | [165–167] | |
| NDST3 | 4q26 | NM_004784 | 603950 | — | — | — | [168] | |
| NDST4 | 4q26 | NM_022569 | 615039 | — | — | — | — | |
|
| ||||||||
| HS GlcUA C5-epimerase | GLCE | 15q23 | NM_015554 | 612134 | — | — | — | [169–172] |
|
| ||||||||
| HS 2-O-sulfotransferase | HS2ST1 | 1p22.3 | NM_012262 | 604844 | — | — | — | [153, 162, 173–179] |
|
| ||||||||
| HS 6-O-sulfotransferase | HS6ST1 | 2q21 | NM_004807 | 614880 604846 |
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 15 with or without anosmia | Lack of sexual maturation and low levels of circulating gonadotropins and testosterone. | [180] | [177, 178, 181, 182] |
| HS6ST2 | Xq26.2 |
NM_147174 NM_147175 |
300545 | — | — | — | [182, 183] | |
| HS6ST-3 | 13q32.1 | NM_153456 | 609401 | — | — | — | — | |
|
| ||||||||
| HS 3-O-sulfotransferase | HS3ST1 | 4p16 | NM_005114 | 603244 | — | — | — | [184] |
| HS3ST2 | 16p12 | NM_006043 | 604056 | — | — | — | — | |
| HS3ST3A1 HS3ST3B1 | 17p12 |
NM_006042 NM_006041 |
604057 604058 |
— | — | — | — | |
| HS3ST4 | 16p11.2 | NM_006040 | 604059 | — | — | — | — | |
| HS3ST5 | 6q22.31 | NM_153612 | 609047 | — | — | — | — | |
| HS3ST6 | 16p13.3 | NM_001009606 | — | — | — | — | — | |
|
| ||||||||
| HS 6-O-endosulfatase | SULF1 | 8q13.2-q13.3 | NM_015170 | 610012 | — | — | — | [185–191] |
| SULF2 | 20q12–q13.2 |
NM_018837 NM_198596 |
610013 | — | — | — | [185–192] | |
—: not reported.