Table 2.

The activity and pathophysiological roles of AMPK in kidney disease.

Experimental type	AMPKα activity and Renal outcome	Mechanism	Reference
Diabetic models
STZ-diabetic rats	AMPKα expression↑, AMPKα activity↓	Unclear	Cammisotto et al. [32]
STZ-diabetic rats	AMPKα activity↓	Plasma adiponectin↓	Guo and Zhao [33]
Treatment of AICAR and metformin (STZ-diabetic rats)	AMPKα activity↑, renal hypertrophy↓	Unclear	Lee et al. [34]
Db/db mice	AMPKα activity↓	Unclear	Kitada et al. [35]
High-fat diet-induced obese mice	AMPKα activity↓, renal lipogenesis↑	Unclear	Kume et al. [36]
Treatment of AICAR	AMPKα activity↑, Albuminuria↓, and glomerular lesion↓	Improvement of mitochondria dysfunction	Dugan et al. [37]
Nondiabetic models
Adiponectin−/− mice	AMPKα activity↓ in podocytes	Adiponectin deficiency	Sharma et al. [38]
Treatment of adiponectin and AICAR	AMPKα activity↑ (podocytes, mesangial cells, and glomerular endothelial cells)	Adiponectin receptor-dependent	Cammisotto and Bendayan [39]

STZ; streptozotocin, AICAR: 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside.