Table 2.

Treatment approaches in acquired prosopagnosia.

Source	Patient/N	Lesion location	Compensatory/ remedial/ other	Duration of Treatment	Treatment	Outcome	Improvements
Beyn and Knyazeva, 1962	C.H. 39-year-old male	Unknown	Compensatory	11 months	Systematic practice with facial expressions and facial features as well as practice copying faces	Self-reported improvement on recognition of faces and facial expressions	Yes without generalization
Wilson, 1987	O.E. 27-year-old male	Right temporal parietal	Compensatory	~3 weeks	Practice on facial recognition using visual imagery and motor movements	No significant improvements	No
Sergent and Poncet, 1990	P.V. 56-year-old female	Left anterior temporal and right temporal parietal regions	Compensatory	One session	Series of tasks that used semantic information to activate implicit face memories	Could overtly recognize faces when certain semantic information was given	Yes without generalization
De Haan et al., 1991	P.H. ~23-year-old male	Bilateral inferior occipital temporal	Compensatory	(1) One session	Using covert recognition to elicit overt recognition through (1) repeated exposure to familiar famous faces and (2) presenting occupational categories of faces	(1) No improvement	Yes without generalization
				(2) 3 sessions: pre-test, post-test immediately after and 2 months later		(2) Improvement on one out of six categories
Polster and Rapcsak, 1996	R.J. 68-year-old male	Right occipital temporal	Compensatory	~2 weeks	Using different encoding instructions: rating features, rating personality traits, using distinctive features, and attaching semantic information	Improvement from rating traits and attaching semantic information but performed at chance when the faces were in different orientations	Yes without generalization
Francis et al., 2002	N.E. 21-year-old female	Primarily right temporal, possibly bilateral	Compensatory	Study 1: unfamiliar faces: 14 days, 7 two-hour sessions;	Study 1: (a) facial features and semantic information combined into one mnemonic (b) name mnemonic (c) rehearsal of name and face; Study 2: (a) semantic information and name (b) name alone	Conditions that simultaneously targeted both prosopagnosic and semantic impairments were most effective in improving face recognition	Yes without generalization
				Study 2: 14 days, 5 two-hour sessions
Mayer and Rossion, 2007	P.S. 52-year-old female	Right inferior occipital and left occipital temporal	Compensatory	4 months, 2 sessions per week	Training to attend to and verbalize the internal facial features of novel faces and faces of her students	Significant improvement on recognizing faces using internal features, subjective improvement and increased confidence.	Yes without generalization
Powell et al., 2008	W.J. 51-year-old male	Left occipital, left frontal, bilateral temporal lobes, and right occipital lobe	Compensatory	4 × 1 h sessions for each condition over 2 weeks	4 conditions: picture with name, caricature with name, picture with name and semantic information, orienting attention toward distinctive features	Face recognition was significantly better when orienting to distinctive features, though not other conditions	Yes without generalization
Ellis and Young, 1988	K.D. 8-year-old female	Diffuse damage	Remedial	Over a period of 18 months	Discriminating familiar/unfamiliar/ schematic faces with feedback, learning face-name pairs with feedback	No evidence of improvement	No
DeGutis et al., 2013	C.C. 46-year-old female	Right occipital-temporal lobe	Remedial	30 sessions over 1 month	Training to integrate spacing information from the mouth and eye regions	Some improvement on training task but no generalization to novel face tasks	No
Wilkinson et al., 2005	R.C. 61-year-old male	Right temporal lobe, inferior frontal gyrus, superior parietal lobe	Other	4 × 1 h sessions	Administered galvanic vestibular stimulation to right or left vestibular nerve while performing face discrimination. Switched polarity halfway through each session	Improvement on the face-matching task after switching polarity (either right to left stimulation or left to right)	Yes with generalization
Behrmann et al., 2005	S.M. 24-year-old male	Right anterior and posterior temporal	Other	31 sessions over 4 months	Greeble training program	Improvement with greeble recognition but decline in face recognition	No

Generalization: Evidence of improvements in processing novel face stimuli that are different from the treatment intervention itself.